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谁是“九一八”事变始作俑者:日本天皇未批准

2016-04-19 14:35:55   人民网

就这样,驻朝日军的独断越境问题,以事后追认的方式而告结束。驻朝鲜司令官林铣十郎,还被誉为“越境将军”而获得“赫赫威名”,并受到天皇的赞赏,后来还受命组织内阁。这样一来,就给陆军造成了一种印象,那就是只要作出实际成绩,不管干什么事情都会得到天皇的厚待。也正因如此,这种事后承认的做法后来屡次发生,一直持续到太平洋战争。

发动九一八事变只是日军的第一期计划,尽管内阁和天皇都表明了“不扩大事态”的意见,但日本军部已决定利用这一机会“一举解决满蒙问题”。关东军下一步的计划是侵占以沈阳为中心的南满铁路和安奉路沿线的主要城市,以图牢固控制南满。9月19日,关东军攻下长春,日军独立守备第3和第4大队也先后于当天侵占了安东(今丹东)、营口、凤凰城。至此,南满铁路沿线已完全被日军占领。到9月23日,日军又相继攻陷了吉林、齐齐哈尔,这样,黑龙江省大部分地区沦入日军之手。

同年11月27日,本庄繁又下令关东军向锦州进犯。但关东军这次独断的行动,在国际上引起了强烈的反应,尤其是美国从维护在华利益的考虑出发,向日本提出了严重抗议。为了避免同美国发生直接冲突,日本参谋本部决定暂停对锦州的作战。次日,日军参谋本部把进攻锦州的部队撤回到了辽河以东。

12月中旬,日本政局发生了变化,若槻内阁倒台,犬养毅内阁成立。新任军部首脑支持关东军进占锦州,并增派了大批部队进驻中国东北。12月28日,关东军再度发起锦州战役,并于1932年1月3日攻占锦州。这样,山海关外的全部辽西地区也迅速为关东军所占领。而此时的裕仁天皇再次提出了“事态不扩大”的要求,并要求警戒关东军、朝鲜军的肆意行为,他对元老西园寺公望说:“现在军部不顾统一命令,肆意行动,干涉国政、外交,为此,我对国家颇感忧虑。”但在此后不久的1月8日,裕仁天皇却以最高统帅的身份,对关东军侵占东三省大片土地的“功绩”进行了确认和表彰:

曩者满洲事变勃发,关东军将士基于自卫之必要,果断神速,以寡克众,迅速完成芟伐,此后,凌艰苦,冒祁寒,荡伐各地蜂起之匪贼,完成警备任务,或在嫩江、齐齐哈尔地方,或在辽西、锦州地方,冒冰雪,勇战力斗,拔除祸根,宣扬皇军威武于中外。朕深嘉奖其忠烈。尔将士等其各坚忍自重,以确立东亚和平之基础,有厚望焉!

[日]《现代史资料·7·满洲事变》,三铃书房,1965年,第337页。 日本著名历史学家井上清在其所著的《天皇的战争责任》一书中,对天皇发表嘉奖敕语进行了如下评价:

裕仁在发布诏敕时,对内容是经过仔细研究的。这里,裕仁特别具体地提出嫩江、辽西的两次作战加以称赞,是值得特别注意的。关东军擅自发动的这两次战役,使日本政府感到极大的为难,也成了国际上猛烈谴责的目标,可是由于这一敕语,在日本国内把对关东军的专断进行谴责的道路一下子就堵死了。这一敕语清楚地表明:裕仁的军队不管是擅自发动侵略战争也罢,擅自扩大战争也罢,只要取得成功,他就认为是应加赞赏的。[日]井上清:《天皇的战争责任》,商务印书馆,1983年,第69页。 天皇的表态,给日本帝国主义势力打了强心针、兴奋剂,使军国主义势力更加膨胀,更加肆无忌惮。裕仁天皇以敕语的形式把关东军擅自采取的战争行动作为国策予以追认,使日本军国主义的侵略战争从“无诏书的战争”变成了以天皇名义进行的“圣战”。

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