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谁是“九一八”事变始作俑者:日本天皇未批准

2016-04-19 14:35:55   人民网

9月18日夜10时20分,关东军岛本大队川岛中队的河本末守中尉,按照预定计划以巡视铁路为名,率数名部下向柳条湖附近进发。河本亲自把骑兵用的小型炸药包安放在南满铁路的一段铁轨下并点燃了导火索,只听轰的一声,被炸断的铁轨和枕木四处乱飞。随后日军故技重施,又制造了一个假现场,摆了3具身穿中国士兵服装的尸体,诬为炸毁铁路的凶犯。随即河本用随身携带的电话机向大队本部和奉天特务机关报告,等候在铁路爆炸地点以北约4公里处文官屯的川岛中队长立即率兵南下,袭击北大营。这就是日本帝国主义一手制造的九一八事变

事变发生后,板垣征四郎以代理关东军司令官、先遣参谋的名义,命令独立守备队第2大队攻击北大营,步兵第29联队攻击沈阳城。正在旅顺的本庄繁深夜11点接到报告后,立即通过电话命令第2师团向沈阳出动,并决定将关东军司令部从旅顺向沈阳转移,同时电请驻朝日军司令林铣十郎迅速增援。

由于东北军执行蒋介石的不抵抗政策,当日夜晚日军就顺利地进占沈阳城。9月19日晨,关东军司令官本庄繁尚未到达沈阳,关东军就已把事先炮制好的署名为“关东军司令官本庄繁”的石印布告贴满了沈阳城。诬称事变是中国军队制造的,破坏了日本南满铁路的正常运营,日本关东军的行动纯属自卫等。

日本军部接到事变的通报后,参谋本部、陆军省首脑立即召开紧急会议。会议一致认为关东军的决心和行动“完全得当”,因而决定无保留地支持关东军的行动,并应关东军“增派三个师团”的请求,着手准备派兵增援。但在当天上午10时召开的内阁紧急会议上,若槻首相、币原外相却担心战火扩大,引起国际干涉,主张采取“不扩大事态”的方针,并将此事上奏了天皇。在此情况下,陆军省、参谋本部只得含糊地训令关东军:本着内阁会议的精神,“妥善处理”今后的军事行动。深知军部意图的桥本欣五郎又密电板垣:本部的命令“是应付内阁会议的表面文章,其本意并非要你们停止行动”。

军部的暗中支持进一步助长了日军的嚣张气焰。9月21日下午,驻朝日军司令官林铣十郎未经内阁批准和天皇裁可,以“对关东军不能坐视不救”为由,按早已达成的谅解,独断专行地派遣第6飞行联队战斗机和侦察机各一个中队飞往中国东北,并调动所辖步兵第39混成旅团渡过鸭绿江夜抵沈阳。关东军也立即抽调兵力进攻吉林省城,促成事态进一步扩大。

无论是关东军挑起战争,还是驻朝日军出兵东北,都没有经过天皇和内阁会议的批准。所以事件发生后,陆军高级首脑十分紧张,唯恐政府以“侵犯天皇统帅大权”为由弹劾朝鲜军司令官并拒绝拨款。但出乎陆军意料的是,鉴于驻朝日军出兵已成事实,本来与军部在控制满蒙问题上并无原则分歧的内阁大臣们在9月22日上午召开的内阁会议上,竟毫无疑义地一致通过了承认驻朝日军进入东北的既成事实,并作出增拨出兵经费的决定。可见,内阁根本不想为已经开始的军事行动设置任何障碍。

当晚,若槻首相、陆军大臣和参谋总长先后将内阁会议的决定上奏天皇,并得到了天皇批准。据当时担任内大臣秘书官长的木户幸一的日记记载:“陛下曾指示首相、陆相,称政府努力不使事件进一步扩大的方针很好,望继续努力。”同时,裕仁天皇根据内阁的奏请,以“不扩大事态”为条件批准了驻朝日军的越境行动。

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