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谁是“九一八”事变始作俑者:日本天皇未批准

2016-04-19 14:35:55   人民网

日军侵华

本文摘自《裕仁天皇传》,程永明著, 天津社会科学院出版社出版

1928年6月,张作霖被炸死于返回东北的途中。1928年12月29日,张学良毅然宣布“东北易帜”,打乱了日本帝国主义企图吞并中国东北的阴谋。此时的日本认为要尽快解决“满洲问题”,除行使武力外别无他途。1929年7月,关东军参谋、作战主任石原莞尔等对“满洲”北部进行考察后,提出了《扭转国运之根本国策——满蒙问题解决方案》以及《关东军领有满蒙计划》,系统地提出了侵略东北的计划。1931年6月11日,陆军大臣南次郎秘密组织了一次“五课长会议”所谓的“五课长会议”,由陆军省的军事课长、人事课长、参谋本部编制课长、欧美课长和中国课长组成。经过反复讨论,于6月19日制定了《解决满洲问题方策大纲》。

以上述方案为基础,关东军紧锣密鼓地开始发动事变的种种周密部署。鉴于沈阳是东北地区政治、经济、文化中心,也是东北军主力的驻地,因此关东军将首战地区选在了沈阳。为制造侵占沈阳的借口,石原又选择了距东北军驻地——北大营不远的柳条湖村附近的南满铁路的一段路轨作为爆破地点。时间预定在1931年9月28日,并且预定在爆破铁路的同时,用重炮轰击北大营,实施闪电战一夜占领沈阳城。

在板垣、石原等人多次同驻朝日军司令官林铣十郎密谋后,驻朝日军也遥相呼应,开始有计划地向中朝边境集结,不断进行越境演习,并准备在事变爆发后兵分两路,越过鸭绿江和图们江,配合关东军作战。

进入8月后,日本军部作出了一项重要的人事调整。8月1日,曾担任驻华武官的张作霖的前顾问、谙熟中国东北情况的本庄繁中将被任命为关东军司令官,而著名的“中国通”土肥原贤二大佐则被任命为奉天特务机关长。日本军部将此二人派往中国东北,显然是为发动侵略战争而作出的军事部署。据说本庄繁是由裕仁天皇亲自选定的。8月1日上午,本庄繁到叶山夏宫晋谒裕仁天皇,得到天皇赐膳,并由天皇亲自授予了此职。

8月末,关东军阴谋发动事变的计划逐渐传到了日本国内,首相若槻礼次郎、外相币原喜重郎、内大臣牧野伸显以及元老西园寺公望等人,担心关东军的行动一旦导致战争,将危及若槻内阁的“协调外交”,希望天皇能够召见陆相和海相,以整顿军纪。9月10日和11日,从叶山夏宫刚刚回到东京皇宫的裕仁天皇,立刻会见了海相安保清种和陆相南次郎,并问询二人“是否听到社会上关于军纪有各种批评”。

天皇的垂询,加上来自内阁、元老及舆论的压力,陆军在9月14日召开了陆相、参谋总长、教育总监三长官会议,决定了关于抑制关东军实施武力的方针。同时决定派遣建川美次少将为使者,把陆相的信送交关东军司令部本庄繁。陆军省选择建川为信使是颇为耐人寻味的,因为建川恰恰是一名极右的军国主义分子,也是急于在东北发动事变的人物之一。接到任务的建川在出发前授意自己的部下、陆军情报课班长桥本欣五郎中佐连续向关东军发出了三份密电,要求提前行动。

板垣、石原等人在反复研究了桥本的三份电报后,决定将原定的日期提前10天,于9月18日发动“事变”。而身负紧急军机重任的建川故意拖延时间,迟至19日晚才将陆军省的亲笔信送到本庄手中,“事变”已是既成事实。

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