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邓小平和陈云如何能成政治生命最长的两个人?

2016-04-19 14:33:40   人民网

再例如,在党员雇工问题上。改革开放初期,党内在个体私营者雇工问题上出现了不同意见的争论。对这个问题,邓小平和陈云的意见有相同的地方,也有不同的地方。相同的是,都主张看几年再说;不同的是,看待党员雇工问题的侧重点有一定差别。1982年底,陈云在中共中央政治局扩大会议上,就农村雇工限额问题发表意见,指出:“过去国务院规定最多不超过七个,现在实际上多了一些。究竟限不限,限几个合适,还要看一看。但对这类问题,报纸上不要大张旗鼓地宣传。……看一段时间以后再说比较稳当。”[5](p.316)但1983年底,他在中央常委传阅《中共中央关于一九八四年农村工作的通知》送审稿时,看到上面有允许共产党员雇工的规定,感到不妥,随即批示:“雇工政策还可以再看几年,即使出一点问题也不可怕。”但“对党员雇工要慎重。党内对此存在不同意见,中纪委也有个意见准备报告书记处。因此,这个文件是否先不作规定,由书记处再讨论。这是一个原则问题,需要充分讨论。小平同志在八大党章报告上讲:‘党员必须是从事劳动而不剥削他人劳动的人。'现在形势虽然比那时有很大发展,但对党员的基本要求还应当坚持。看这个问题的利弊,不仅要从现在看,而且要从若干年后来看”。为稳妥起见,他特意把这个批示先送给邓小平看,然后再送中央书记处。[8](pp.1730~1731)邓小平看后,批示“中央书记处再议”。根据陈云的意见,文件在发出时,删去了有关允许党员雇工的规定,并明确要求对农村雇工要加强管理,认真调研,以便条件成熟时做出具体政策规定。[5](p.344)后来,中共中央书记处否定了中纪委制定的《加强党的纪律的若干规定》中有关党员不准雇工的规定,认为雇工有多种情况,十分复杂,涉及一些重大理论和实践问题,只有进行调查研究,才能对党员雇工作出合理的规定。邓小平也对雇工问题表示了两点意见:其一,“看两三年,没有什么了不起,将来经济发展了,如果有了偏差,一个命令就可以收回来。”其二,“我们是搞社会主义的,要提倡党员搞合作生产,我们终归是要搞社会主义的。” [2](p.964)

1985年底,有人在谈话中说到,农村党员干部在发展经济时,有的带领群众共同致富,有的带头个人致富,有的依仗特权谋私致富,雇工经营者得到上边特殊扶植,占用公有资源、大量贷款。邓小平听后表示,对第三种情况要控制,可以收累进税;并再次指出:“雇工,我说看两三年是必要的。”“有一个报告说,雇工经营出现是必然趋势,不可避免的,现在要考虑如何纳入轨道。这个意见对。” [2](pp.1096~1097)

1987年初,中共中央政治局在个体经营者之外又提出了“私人企业”的概念,并明确私人企业雇工人数可以超过对个体经营者的限度。[10]此后,陈云在这个问题上没有再发表什么意见。

又例如,在计划与市场的关系问题上。陈云的一贯主张是以计划经济为主、以市场调节为辅。尽管后来他同意关于计划经济为主不等于指令性计划为主,指导性计划也是计划经济的具体形式,指导性计划主要依靠经济杠杆的作用来实现的提法, [3](p.337注288) 但仍然坚持“在改革中,不能丢掉有计划按比例发展经济这一条”[3](p.367) 。而邓小平在这个问题上一开始与陈云的主张一致,后来思想有了很大发展。1989年他在接见首都戒严部队军以上干部时说:“要继续坚持计划经济与市场调节相结合,这个不能改。实际工作中,在调整时期,我们可以加强或者多一点计划性,而在另一个时候多一点市场调节,搞得更灵活一些。”[9](p.306)

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