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邓小平和陈云如何能成政治生命最长的两个人?

2016-04-19 14:33:40   人民网

1990年他在同中央几位负责人谈话时指出:“我们必须从理论上搞懂,资本主义与社会主义的区分不在于是计划还是市场这样的问题。社会主义也有市场经济,资本主义也有计划控制。……不要以为搞点市场经济就是资本主义道路,没有那么回事。”[9](p.364)

1991年他在视察上海时又说:“不要以为,一说计划经济就是社会主义,一说市场经济就是资本主义,不是那么回事,两者都是手段,市场也可以为社会主义服务。”[9](p.367)直至1992年春天他在“南方谈话”中更加明确地提出:“计划多一点还是市场多一点,不是社会主义与资本主义的本质区别。计划经济不等于社会主义,资本主义也有计划;市场经济不等于资本主义,社会主义也有市场。”[9](p.373)

根据邓小平的意见,中共十四大决定把建立社会主义市场经济体制作为经济体制改革的目标模式,同时又指出,这种体制“是要使市场在社会主义国家宏观调控下对资源配置起基础性作用”,“必须加强和改善国家对经济的宏观调控”,“国家计划是宏观调控的重要手段之一”。 [11]这期间,社会上出现了“邓陈不和”的议论,对此,陈云没有从正面回答,而是采取迂回的方式作了澄清。1992年6月,李先念逝世,邓小平提议陈云写一篇悼念文章。陈云利用这个机会,在文章中专门写了对于经济特区的看法。他写道:“先念同志和我虽然都没有到过特区,但我们一直很注意特区建设,认为特区要办,必须不断总结经验,力求使特区办好。这几年,深圳特区经济已经初步从进口型转变成出口型,高层建筑拔地而起,发展确实很快。”接着,他又由此引申到对经济建设中一些新事物的看法,说:“现在我们国家的经济建设规模比过去要大得多、复杂得多,过去行之有效的一些做法,在当前改革开放的新形势下很多已经不再适用。这就需要我们努力学习新的东西,不断探索和解决新的问题。”[3](p.379)这篇文章公开发表在中国各大报纸上,起到了抑制有关他和邓小平关系问题上种种猜测的作用。

纵观改革开放初期陈云与邓小平的关系,可以说彼此间的合作与相互补充是主流,是第一位的,差别与分歧是支流,是第二位的;而且,差别与分歧也不在于要不要改革开放,而在于如何改革开放。陈云自十一届三中全会后反复指出:“体制改革势在必行”[8](p.1633);经济体制改革“打破了‘大锅饭'、‘铁饭碗',它的意义不下于私营工商业改造”;“体制改革,农业先走了一步,我看工业、财贸系统也势在必行”。[7](pp.488,489)但在改革的步骤、方法上,陈云更强调改革“步子要稳”,“要从试点着手”,“要‘摸着石头过河'”[3](p.279);邓小平则着重于“思想要更加解放一些,改革开放的步伐要走得更快一些”,“改革开放胆子要大一些,敢于试验,不能像小脚女人一样。看准了的,就大胆地试,大胆地闯。”[9](pp.265,372) 过去有一种舆论,说邓小平是改革派,陈云是保守派。对此,邓小平在1987年同美国当时的国务卿舒尔茨谈话时,给予了间接批驳。他说:“有些人对改革的某些方面、某些方法不赞成,但不是完全不赞成。中国不存在完全反对改革的一派。国外有些人过去把我看作是改革派,把别人看作是保守派。我是改革派,不错;如果要说坚持四项基本原则是保守派,我又是保守派。”[9](p.209)他这番话是客观的,也是准确的。

改革开放后,邓小平对陈云十分尊重,非常重视他的意见;陈云也始终把邓小平视为党中央的领导核心,每当中央发生政治上的困难,都坚定地站在他一边。1980年,陈云支持邓小平关于华国锋不宜再担任党中央主席,应由胡耀邦接替的意见。他说:“小平同志当党的主席,众望所归。但是,我相信,小平同志不愿意干,极力推耀邦同志来干”。 [8](p.1548)

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