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唤醒装聋作哑的斯大林:瓜分世界 你参加吗?

2016-04-19 14:19:00   人民网

藏身于总统最可靠的合作者之中,霍普金斯曾经替罗斯福总统完成了无数微妙而困难的使命,特别是与斯大林、丘吉尔、戴高乐将军微妙而困难的周旋中,几乎都有霍普金斯的身影。霍普金斯痛恨希特勒和纳粹主义,追求和平与正义,他的理想与总统使命完美结合,使他几乎成为一个影子总统。然而在美国,罗斯福的政敌对霍普金斯的工作方法和工作效率提出异议。和总统一样,霍普金斯性喜奢华挥霍,这使他成为政治评论家心爱的靶子。不过有了霍普金斯这个挡箭牌,他为之效劳的那位伟大人物,也就可以无所顾虑地自行其是了。

和总统罗斯福一样,霍普金斯也是大病缠身。但外界对霍普金斯的病情知之甚少。早在1936年,霍普金斯的胃部就多次出血,虽然做了一次比较成功的手术,但是胃部癌细胞不断扩散的危险并未解除,医生只好切除了他的一部分胃,这也大大缩短了他的生命周期。从1941年开始,每个月医生都说他只能活几个星期了,但是每次他都在惊讶的同伴面前站起来,几个小时之后又重新倒下去。他顽强的生命好似一团烈火,然而是飘摇不定的烈火。连他自己都说,只要罗斯福还在,这团火就会继续燃烧下去。在罗斯福逝世不到一年后,霍普金斯也被癌症夺去了生命。

1945年2月1日,罗斯福和霍普金斯乘坐的军舰抵达了马耳他。在这里,他们与先期到达的英国首相丘吉尔短暂会晤。罗斯福的衰弱当然逃不过丘吉尔的眼睛,“他已经没有他的权力所需要的体力了。”

从马耳他到雅尔塔,罗斯福终于可以乘坐飞机了。2月3日,美国总统的飞机飞抵距离雅尔塔最近的一个军用机场。此时跑道已经被冻得坚如顽石,强行降落的飞机一直滑行到机库才勉强停住。直到这时,苏联人才第一次看到了那位最有权力的美国人和他的助手。先是罗斯福被一名警卫从飞机上抱下来,然后小心翼翼地放在一辆吉普车的特殊座位上,这样他才能检阅苏联的仪仗队。随后,总统的助手霍普金斯则躺在一副担架上,被几名警卫人员抬下飞机。在检阅苏联仪仗队时,罗斯福看起来一点都不情愿,他“脸色难看,布满皱纹,反映出一种极度的疲劳。他皮肤发灰,好像半透明似的”。

伴随雅尔塔会议开幕式的,除了令人眼花缭乱的俄罗斯大餐外,就是大瓶装的高加索白兰地了。三巨头对美味珍馐兴趣索然,但是对白兰地则来者不拒。他们举着白兰地,口是心非地谈论着并不好笑的政治笑话,然后摆出一堆厚厚的文件,准备决定30亿人的命运。

能够决定别人的命运,首先要把握自己的命运。在雅尔塔会议上踌躇满志的斯大林以为他真的可以主宰世界,实际上在当时他连主宰苏联都相当吃力,就在雅尔塔和美英首脑觥筹交错的时候,莫斯科的秘密警察已经开始了“大清洗”,只是美国和英国对此知之甚少而已。罗斯福和丘吉尔更多地关注到了斯大林的理想,他们都清楚,在战胜德国后,苏联绝对不会铸剑为犁,马放南山,它必然会以600万红军为后盾,扩大自己的势力范围,在欧洲建立亲苏联的势力。这是可以理解的,毕竟在付出巨大牺牲之后仍然能够傲然挺立的民族才是卓尔不群的,这样的民族在取得胜利后拓展自己的影响范围,也算是对战争合乎逻辑的补偿。

和苏联一样,美英两国在战争中也付出了同样沉重的代价。他们的目标也不会是在战胜希特勒之后就卷起铺盖回家照顾孩子那么简单,他们也有权利巩固胜利,同时防止希特勒那样的战争狂人卷土重来。很显然,在战后势力范围的划分中,美英和苏联的利益诉求将直接遭遇,同盟关系很快就会因为利益的诉求而转化为竞争关系。把竞争控制在理性与和平的范围内,从而避免新的争端,就是罗斯福、斯大林、丘吉尔这些政治家的责任。

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