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唤醒装聋作哑的斯大林:瓜分世界 你参加吗?

2016-04-19 14:19:00   人民网

罗斯福与斯大林的心理战

这是一场心照不宣的心理战。在这样的心理战中,苏联占了上风。因为在1944年这一年,斯大林正领导着苏联人民反攻德国,他不仅是苏联军队的最高统帅和指挥官,而且在这个国家,他的地位无可动摇。最主要的是,斯大林不用担心自己会失去这些权力,因为苏联人民手里没有选票,而有选票的苏联人得听他的。

但美国就不同,每一个美国人都有一张选票,他们可以因为一片面包而决定把选票投给谁,也可以因为听音乐的权利受到侵犯而把白宫里的主人赶出来,美国人眼里没有政治,只有面包和音乐,但是他们可以决定政治领导人的命运。在1944年的这个选举年,欧洲激战正酣,美国也将和盟国一道取得胜利,但是战场毕竟不在美国本土,美国人民并没有那么强烈的使命感必须把罗斯福留在白宫,虽然公民感和爱国心不允许美国人在战争期间有一场真正的国内政治危机,但是罗斯福在选举中落败并不令人意外。

事实的确如此,1944年10月,罗斯福和杜威的竞选已经到了白热化的程度,总统在国内的权威破天荒地受到了挑战。美国人承认罗斯福付出了巨大的努力,但是已经有越来越多的美国人对强迫他们接受的牺牲表示不满,美国人已经厌倦了战争,他们需要看到和平,至少要让他们看到和平的曙光。罗斯福不能再等了,他决心要在美国总统选举结果揭晓之前召开这次会议,但斯大林依旧不冷不热。罗斯福只好派总统助理霍普金斯飞到莫斯科,当面建议斯大林把会议地点定在罗马或者马耳他,这已经十分迁就斯大林了,因为这两个地方离他都比较近,但是斯大林依旧拒绝承诺,他还是在等待着美国总统的选举结果。

11月初,美国总统的选举出炉,罗斯福历史性地蝉联了第四任总统,斯大林大失所望。既然罗斯福蝉联总统已成事实,斯大林必须就三巨头会议的地点表态了,他选定的地点是:敖德萨。

被称为“黑海明珠”的敖德萨位于乌克兰南部的黑海之滨,离莫斯科不足1000多公里,但是离华盛顿却超过8000公里,而且还要从地中海转乘飞机前往。斯大林的决定震惊了白宫,总统亲信哗然。因为从华盛顿出发,跨越整个大西洋旅途远至黑海,对总统来说简直就是一场灾难,罗斯福本人也犹豫不决。斯大林这次作出了妥协,他把会议地点选定在克里米亚半岛的小镇——雅尔塔。和敖德萨比较起来,雅尔塔可以让美国总统节约90公里的路程,总算是个恩典,于是罗斯福让步了。

在寒冷的冬日里从华盛顿出发,乘坐“昆西号”战斗巡洋舰跨越大西洋和地中海,然后旅行至-40°的黑海之滨,这注定是一次极为艰苦的外交旅程。 “昆西号”是一艘防护良好但乘坐起来很不舒适的战舰,乘坐它在波涛汹涌的大西洋航行,对罗斯福来讲是一场严酷的考验。不过罗斯福以苦为乐,在长达15天的海上旅途中,他把自己安排得尽量快乐。他平时酷爱侦探小说,这下有了时间,在船上读了好几本。罗斯福还是个集邮爱好者,他把自己搜集的邮票珍品也带上了“昆西号”,风平浪静的时候就拿出来翻看一下。国务院给他准备了不少关于当时世界上领土争执的材料,建议他抽空看一看,但是罗斯福感到很疲倦,他无法把注意力集中到那上面去。

陪同罗斯福总统来参加雅尔塔会议的主要助手是哈里·霍普金斯。自从1928年以来,霍普金斯就是总统的心腹谋士,罗斯福的一切政治选择都是在他的建议和推动下作出的。美国一位专栏作家曾经一针见血地指出:罗斯福和霍普金斯“共同培育了一种对救世主义、没有障碍的自由、适宜的世界主义的强烈兴趣”。

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