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唤醒装聋作哑的斯大林:瓜分世界 你参加吗?

2016-04-19 14:19:00   人民网

本文摘自《美国70年》,田明 著,云南人民出版社出版

罗斯福吹风,急于分享胜利果实

当艾森豪威尔在欧洲战场为诺曼底登陆庆祝胜利时,远在华盛顿的罗斯福却有一个新的顾虑,那就是关于胜利本身。将军的目标是追求胜利,政治家的任务是管理胜利,这就是将军和政治家的不同。1944年7月,也就是艾森豪威尔已经胜利在望时,富兰克林·罗斯福就开始谋划管理胜利的方案。时局很清晰,美英盟军在诺曼底登陆成功后,必然面临和苏联如何分享胜利果实的问题。怎样就此问题达成一致,需要再开一次开罗或者德黑兰那样的会议,大家讨价还价,然后取得一致。

7月下旬,罗斯福开始就胜利果实的分享问题下毛毛雨,鼓吹要进行第三次首脑会晤,公开的说法是要对战后世界的格局和新秩序的建立进行规划。但是对于来自华盛顿的呼吁,莫斯科反应冷淡。为了引起苏联的注意,罗斯福指示美国驻莫斯科大使艾夫里尔·哈里曼,让他就召开会议的地点在莫斯科制造舆论。哈里曼认为这样的会议首先要体现公平的原则,为了在形式上体现这一原则,哈里曼建议把这次首脑会晤的地点选择在苏格兰的北部。因为那里已经完全解放,是盟国控制的安全地带。最重要的是,那里与华盛顿和莫斯科的距离相等。

哈里曼以为自己的方案无懈可击,但是克里姆林宫的主人对此避而不答。他回避去苏格兰的理由很有意思,他说:“德黑兰会谈之后,我耳朵疼。我的医生认为任何乘飞机的旅行,任何气候的变化,都将对我有最坏的后果。”

苏联领袖以健康原因拒绝去苏格兰,这让哈里曼大使哭笑不得。如果说到健康,三巨头中健康最差的当然是罗斯福。斯大林尽管为高血压所苦,但是他矫健的步伐表明他的生命体征十分扎实。然而罗斯福却不同,他的高压是185毫米汞柱,低压是105毫米汞柱,而在他这个年纪,正常的血压平均数应该是140和70。而心电图更加令人不安,他的“T”波深度颠倒,表明罗斯福已经有了并发症的初期症状。左心室不能完全关闭,说明总统的心脏衰竭已有多年,已不能有效减缓动脉血压力的增加,也就是说,任何长时间的旅行都有可能导致罗斯福心脏衰竭,从而要了他的命。

克里姆林宫的这种态度让白宫感到极度失望,但是罗斯福仍然耐心地和斯大林周旋。1944年整个夏天,罗斯福继续就首脑会谈的问题提出多个方案,单就会议的举办地,美国就先后提出了雅典、塞浦路斯、康士坦丁、耶路撒冷、萨洛尼卡等多个地方,但是每一次斯大林都敷衍一下,然后不了了之。他的理由是他不能出国,因为他本人指挥着对德的军事行动。

这倒是事实,然而这个事实却是很可疑的,因为美国总统同时也是美国的三军总司令,英国首相也承担着最后批准作战方案的责任。很显然,斯大林在故意地拖延时间,等待时机。精于算计的斯大林早就看出来了,罗斯福急于安排三巨头会议,是因为1944年的选举。斯大林的目标很清楚,罗斯福是一个很狡诈也很坚定的政治家,如果由他继续领导美国和苏联分享胜利的果实,苏联不小心就会掉进他的陷阱。对苏联而言,最理想的结果就是罗斯福在当前的选举中落败,而新上任的美国总统即使和罗斯福一样狡诈,但他毕竟没有亲历胜利的过程,在分享胜利成果的问题上,新总统就不可能那么底气十足。退一步说,就算是罗斯福仍然可以当选,那么至少也要加大罗斯福的精神压力,让他付出代价。罗斯福的身体状况差,路人皆知,作为这个压力的一部分,斯大林就是要消耗对手,以便在时机成熟的时候发出致命的一击。

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