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辛亥革命后黄兴留守南京为何功未成身先退?

2016-04-15 14:29:13   人民网

突发事件:

叛军深夜兵变

据与黄兴并肩战斗的革命党人李书城回忆:南京留守府最困难时,不得已将军队伙食从干饭改为稀粥,以后连稀粥也不能维持,乃将南京城的小火车向上海日商抵借二十万,暂维现状。某夜,江西军俞应麓所部突然哗变,在南京城内肆行抢劫,经请广西军王芝祥军长派队弹压,到天晓才平定。除由军法处将证据确凿的犯兵予以惩处外,其余均遣送回籍。

李书城说的这场兵变发生在4月11日晚,参加哗变的部队主要是赣军第七师(师长俞应麓)第十四旅(旅长邓文辉)所辖的第二十七、二十八团,其所属两千多人趁黄兴赴上海筹饷之际突然发动兵变,叛军冲出营房后,在白门桥、太平桥一带大肆抢劫商店并滥杀无辜。

事变发生后,南京留守府总务处长何成濬以副官长名义调城外驻军王芝祥部入城戡乱。至次日早上,哗变基本平息。与李书城的轻描淡写所不同的是,这次兵变后的处理极其残酷,当夜击毙除外,事后处死的革命军士兵高达七八百人之多,其中大多不经军法审判,有些甚至只要是该旅官兵,即被拉到留守府后面的水塘中枪决。

得此消息后,黄兴急忙坐夜车往回赶。但等他回到南京时,天色已亮,兵变也已被残酷镇压。对此,黄兴何尝不感到负疚万分:当时南京的一些革命军不仅拖欠军饷,而且供应极其微薄,有的部队甚至连饭都吃不饱。

事后,黄兴致电袁世凯:南京局势危急万分,不但各军积欠饷项无从发给,即目前伙食已无法支持。告急之声,不绝于耳。似此情形,一两日内必有绝大险象。两日后,黄兴再发一电:此间军队伙食已数日不能发给,今日有数处竟日仅一粥,每日索饷者门为之塞。危险情形,日逼一日。加以急报密陈,日必数十至。哗溃之势,已渐发端。二日内倘再无款救宁,大乱立至。

对此,袁世凯却是置若罔闻。因为当时袁世凯也没钱。当然,即便是他有钱,袁世凯也不会给革命党。在袁世凯看来,他就是要把黄兴放在火上烤,要看革命党人的笑话!

裁撤军队:

黄兴身心憔悴

在这样困难的情况下,黄兴费尽九牛二虎之力,最终将驻扎在南京苏皖地区的北伐军队缩编成5个军:第一军(镇军),军长柏文蔚,后出任安徽都督而将所部带去安徽;第二军(扬军),军长徐宝山,所部归中央直辖;第三军(桂军),军长王芝祥,所部多遣返广西;第四军(粤军),军长姚雨平,其部队由广东新军组成,其中一部分遣返广东,其他大多就地解散;第五军(浙军),军长朱瑞,后出任浙江都督而将所部带回浙江。

《泰晤士报》记者福来萨曾说,任“南京留守”时的黄兴,其地位“相当于一身而兼六个总督”,“统治着大约四分之一的中国”。因而,有不少人认为,黄兴当时统辖南方各军,掌握有数十万军队,实可与北洋军相抗衡。革命党人居正也说:同盟会骨子里,总统虽退,而有留守保持此势力。假以时日,整理就绪,则袁氏虽狡,终有所忌惮而不敢别有异图。

表面上看,革命军似乎有乐观的理由,但胡汉民则对此持悲观态度。他认为,南京军队号称17师,实则只有粤军、浙军有战斗力,粤军当时驻于徐州与张勋所部对峙,而浙军将领一向反对黄兴,不受命令;其他各部,不啻于乌合之众,决不能应敌。

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