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辛亥革命后黄兴留守南京为何功未成身先退?

2016-04-15 14:29:13   人民网

赣军兵变后,黄兴加快了裁军步伐,但其间究竟裁兵多少,因革命军本身即不稳定,很难拿出准确的数据。据事后估算,有说裁军20万的,也有说整个南方(江苏、湖南、江西、广东、安徽、福建六省)共裁去27师36万的,不一而足。

作为特例的是,留守府即将结束之时,黄兴为保存革命实力而将革命军中的优秀军官重编一师,这支部队从师长以下至营连长,大都为同盟会籍的日本士官生和保定军校生,枪械也都为双份。这就是1913年“二次革命”中发挥重要作用的第八师。但是,黄兴在号召其他部队自行遣散的同时又为第八师招募骨干与士兵,这种做法引起了革命军中的混乱与被裁人士的不满,最后被迫停止。由此,第八师的整编质量大为下降。

在裁兵事务尚未完全结束时,其不顾同盟会激烈派的反对而向袁世凯一再要求辞去南京留守府的职位,去意甚决。因为,整理裁撤军队的任务确实让黄兴感到身心憔悴,已是不堪重负。

辞去留守:

淡泊名利无官一身轻

1912年5月13日,黄兴致电袁世凯请求撤销南京留守府。对此结果,袁世凯早已料到,事实上,他就是要通过这种手段来消磨革命党人的斗志。因此,黄兴提出辞职后,袁世凯仍旧刻意挽留。直到5月31日,江苏都督程德全答应接手南京留守府,袁世凯才批准了黄兴的辞职。半个月后,黄兴发表解职通电、告将士书及解职布告,之后悄然离开南京。

卸任后,黄兴如释重负,革命党人也多有理解。章士钊在《民立报》上发表社评《论黄留守》,其中评价甚高:黄兴本一书生,以战术绝人誉之,此诚阿附之言;然其能以死报国,义勇盖天下,神人之所共信。黄兴本一武夫(此与书生之谊并行不悖),于政情法理,研求或不深……至其心地之光明磊落,其不失为一明道之君子,记者梦寐之间,未或疑之。

黄兴一生淡泊名利,其座右铭是“名不必自我成,功不必自我立,功成亦不居”,堪称革命党人中的道德楷模,人品亦有口皆碑。胡汉民曾评价说,黄兴“雄健不可一世,而处世接物,则虚衷缜密……事无大小,辄曰‘慢慢细细’(长沙俗语,大意是从容不迫)”。章士钊自称弱冠以来交友遍天下,最易交的朋友就是黄兴,“无争”之外,“一切任劳怨而不辞”。

当年9月,黄兴返回阔别多年的家乡湖南,途中正值他39岁生日。在饱览了祖国的大好河山后,黄兴回想起这十几年的革命生涯,他不禁感慨万千,并赋诗一首:

卅九年知四十非,大风歌好不如归;惊人事业如流水,爱我园林想落晖。

入夜鱼龙都寂寂,故山猿鹤正依依;苍茫独立无端感,时有清风振我衣。

此时的黄兴,将届不惑之年,对他来说,之前的革命事业已成昨日烟云。在经过多年居无定所、漂流海外的生活后,如今民国新立,黄兴萌生出功成名就的退意,也属情理之中。

不过,激烈派却对孙、黄等人功成身退的想法感到大惑不解。在孙中山、黄兴北上与袁世凯会谈后,革命元老谭人凤大发感慨:“以前有人写诗,说‘周公恐惧流言日,王莽谦恭下士时’,这两句正好应该送给孙、黄二人,不过一番款洽,竟然就中了袁世凯的圈套。孙中山还说什么愿袁世凯为十年总统的胡话,就连黄兴也立刻改变了论调,难道袁世凯真的有魔力吗?这些人怎么会被他玩弄于股掌之间而不悟呢?真是奇哉怪也!”

其实,世上没有无缘无故的爱,也没有无缘无故的恨。黄兴为何辞去南京留守一职,想来读者心中已有答案。

黄兴本以为革命已经成功,可以投身于实业之中,遂出任川汉铁路督办一职。1912年8月,他在《铁道杂志序》中写道:“今者共和成立,欲苏民困,厚国力,舍实业末由。”主张“先以铁道为救亡之策,急起直追,以步先进诸国后尘,则实业庶几兴勃也乎!”可惜的是,由于政局的动荡和变化,他本人又不得不投身于二次革命与护国运动,并英年早逝,以至于其发展实业和教育的主张大都未能实现。

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