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是谁把杨家将最终逼入绝境?

2016-04-12 16:14:39   时拾史事

  前线作战的总指挥是耶律休哥、耶律斜轸、耶律沙,依旧是在高梁河之战中大破宋军的原班人马。耶律休哥坐镇幽州,迎战宋朝中路主帅曹彬;耶律斜轸主持西南防线,直接面对潘美、杨继业;耶律沙率军作为游动部队,或骚扰,或袭击,或诱敌。

  三人一致认为:宋军来势汹汹,又旗开得胜,人数众多,意图速战速决,进行大兵团的主力决战,而本方主力尚在集结,兵力不足,不可硬拼。应发挥自己骑兵机动灵活的优势,以小股部队袭扰宋军,并截断宋军的粮道。五代时期的后晋名臣桑维翰曾经提到,燕云十六州是古时的燕地、赵地,只有一些小土坡,总体上地势平坦,于骑兵、步兵谁更有利,一目了然。

  耶律休哥以袭扰和夜袭的方式,断了宋军中路曹彬的粮道,曹彬担心粮草不济,于是移兵后撤,护卫军需粮草。宋太宗接到曹彬后撤的奏报,急得饭都没有吃完,急忙下令曹彬继续前进,决不可放弃目前的大好局面。曹彬部沿着走过的道路,又兴兵向前,这时,辽军主力已经到达幽州,宋太宗就算再不情愿,也只得下令让前线的军队撤退了。

  在西线,耶律斜轸与潘美、杨继业的战斗也早已展开。按照宋军的战略设想,曹彬部正面进攻,直扑幽州,潘美、杨继业则兵出雄州、代州、易州,再与曹彬在幽州城下会师,继而两路大军合攻幽州。这一路兵马将星云集,攻势凶猛,在三路大军中进展最快,特别是杨继业手下,有着当时宋朝手下为数不多的精锐骑兵,其攻势如潮与中路曹彬的沉稳过头、进取不足形成强烈对比。

  耶律斜轸因后续部队尚未到达,没有与宋军正面大战的资本,因此也采取了运动作战、奔袭突击的方式。山西北部地区是宋辽多年对峙的前线,契丹骑兵可以在一天之内直接突击到宋朝境内。耶律斜轸决定攻其不备,趁着潘美的兵马大举向前,亲率骑兵绕过宋军主力,进攻宋军后方,

  第一回合,耶律斜轸抓住宋军之间结合部空隙过大、呼应不足的弱点,在定安攻击宋军贺令图部,并一路追到五台,斩杀宋军一万多人。这次大胜,为西路的战事开了个好头。此次作战后,潘美的大军向前行进的速度明显降低。显然是担忧后方不稳,因此不敢长驱直入。

  第二回合,耶律斜轸祭出围点打援的战法。五台大捷后,耶律斜轸不作休整,第二天就兵发蔚州,将蔚州城团团包围。蔚州城的守将还想顽抗,耶律斜轸把劝降的书信挂在箭上,射进城内。半天过去了,依然不见动静。耶律斜轸判定,蔚州守军必是在等待援军,于是将兵马埋伏在蔚州周围。果不其然,宋军的援兵到达,城中的守军也出城冲锋,辽军伏兵大起,两股宋军惨败,耶律斜轸一路追到飞狐,趁势攻下蔚州。这次大捷,彻底动摇了潘美部的军心,宋军前线的将领和远在汴梁的宋太宗开始认真考虑是进是退的问题,潘美和曹彬一样,陷入了进退失据的境地。

  第三回合,潘美抽出一部分兵马,会合贺令图的残兵,向飞狐攻击前进,结果又遭败绩,这时,传来了宋军中路曹彬败退的消息,而右路的田重进,本就以掩护、接应为主,听说曹彬战败,自然也撤退了。幽州的守军和契丹主力,调头转向,向潘美的大军扑来,耶律斜轸更是早已率军在宋军的后方出没,随时准备前后夹击。

  此时的宋军阵脚大乱,纷纷放弃原先已经占领的城池。在主帅潘美的默许和监军王侁的坚持下,宋军没有走最近的道路直接撤退,而是让杨继业冒险进兵,边打边撤。耶律斜轸亲自布置了与杨继业作战的计划,采用诱敌深入的计策,将杨继业引到狼牙村附近。辽军几路军队一同动手,杨继业陷入重围。宋军的阵地被压缩得越来越小,杨继业还在挥刀奋战,耶律斜轸拿起辽圣宗御赐的“铁胎弓”,一箭射中了杨继业,接着又是几箭流矢射中了杨继业。兵士将杨继业带到耶律斜轸面前时,耶律斜轸责备杨继业:“你与我朝争斗三十多年,今日被擒,有何话说?”杨继业连称“死罪死罪”。至于众所周知的杨继业在出兵前让潘美率军在陈家峪接应结果潘美首先撤走一事,在《辽史》中只字未提。杨继业被俘后,辽朝想将其招降,杨继业不从,绝食三天后死了。另一说是杨继业伤重不治,三天后死去。

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