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是谁把杨家将最终逼入绝境?

2016-04-12 16:14:39   时拾史事

  北汉灭亡后,宋太宗踌躇满志,准备一鼓作气,收复被契丹侵占的燕云十六州。尽管宋军是疲惫之师、连续作战,但由于皇上御驾亲征、阵前督战,因此兵士们虽然士气不高却都死力作战。辽朝先前派去的几路人马全遭败绩。耶律斜轸与主帅耶律休哥一商量,决定采取诱敌深入的计策。果然,宋军轻敌冒进,在高梁河陷入辽军的包围。耶律休哥、耶律斜轸、耶律沙三路兵马前后突击。这一仗,宋军败得很惨。来的时候,宋太宗是天子仪仗、好不威风,走的时候,宋太宗是坐着驴车、落荒而逃,大腿上还中了箭。

  统和初年,辽景宗去世,年幼的辽圣宗继位,萧太后临朝称制,主管朝政。耶律斜轸作为太后的亲戚,更受重用。一日,宫中都是一些宗室大臣和太后娘家的人,萧太后伤感地说道:“先皇壮年早逝,留下我们孤儿寡母,皇上年幼,朝事千头万绪,大臣人心各异,可叫我们如何是好?”耶律斜轸当即表态:“外面对宋朝的事,有我和休哥,太后不必担心。这里都是先皇时的老臣和太后您的臣子,我倒要看看谁敢有二心!”在耶律斜轸和一批宗室大臣的强力支持下,确立了萧太后临朝听政的地位与权威。

  一日,辽圣宗与诸将一同围猎。耶律斜轸一直把马落在辽圣宗的后面。辽圣宗感到奇怪,便问:“卿家这是为何?”耶律斜轸说:“君臣之道,我不能走在陛下前面。”辽圣宗又问:“那在战场上又该如何呢?”耶律斜轸答道:“战场上生死搏杀,以克敌制胜为先,自然另当别论。”辽圣宗大笑,说道:“我们契丹人最重勇士,今日猎场之上,我们只论兄弟,不论君臣!”辽圣宗让耶律斜轸与自己并马而行,还把自己御用的“铁胎弓”赐给了耶律斜轸。

  耶律斜轸的防区,正好对着河东之地,是宋辽交界的敏感地区。从宋灭北汉和挑起对辽战事来看,耶律斜轸敏锐地意识到宋太宗一改宋太祖对辽朝的温和政策,将会采取激烈的主动出击手段。预感到了战争的苗头,耶律斜轸开始积极准备,打探宋军的情况,勘测有关地形。从兵士的口中,耶律斜轸常常听到一个叫作“杨无敌”的名字。这便是新近归降宋朝的大将杨继业。深夜,耶律斜轸端详着皇上御赐的“铁胎弓”,想着有朝一日要在战场上会会这位“杨无敌”。

  宋太祖已经在南征北战中平定了南方和西南,宋太宗若是想超越哥哥的功绩,只剩下对契丹开战、夺回燕云十六州这一条路。高梁河之战更使得宋太宗迫不及待地打算报这一箭之仇,以找回面子。当他得知辽景宗去世,契丹由萧太后临朝主政的消息后,轻蔑地说道:“一个女人家,能有多大见识呢!正是进兵的好时机。”此次大规模北伐,宋太宗精锐尽出,希望毕其功于一役,大军分为左中右三路。三路的统帅都是开国名将。特别是左路军,除了主帅潘美外,号称“杨无敌”的杨继业也正是在这一路。左路军从山西的抗辽前线直接出兵,进展最为迅速,攻势最为猛烈,宋太宗把最大的希望都寄托在了这一路。

  宋军出兵后,取得了一些战果。曹彬的中路大军稳扎稳打,步步推进,逐渐逼近幽州,而潘美、杨继业的左路军更是连战连捷,已经攻克了云州。

  对于此次宋朝的大规模的北伐,辽朝上上下下在心理上是准备不足的,因此从情报的预判和初步的应对上来看,杂乱无章,毫无建树。有的将领匆匆领兵应敌,结果损兵折将;有的守将死守城池,却无力抵挡宋军的锋芒;甚至匆匆逃跑或就地投降的也大有人在。直到潘美攻克云州后,辽朝内部才完成了兵马的调集,逐渐开始反击。

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