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为什么说魏无忌窃符救赵是上当中计?

2016-04-12 16:04:54   程步

  这还不够。为了叫魏无忌好生了得的结论让读者接受,司马迁还编了一个故事,说有一天魏无忌跟兄长魏安釐王下棋,突然有烽火传来战报,赵国入侵魏国。魏安釐王放下棋子要去召见大臣商量对策。魏无忌却阻止道:“那是赵王在打猎。”果不其然,过了一会儿,有人来报,确实是赵王打猎,并非入侵。魏王大惊,从此敬畏魏无忌,不敢给他权力叫他掌握国家(公子与魏王博,而北境传举烽,言“赵寇至,且入界”。魏王释博,欲召大臣谋。公子止王曰:“赵王田猎耳,非为寇也。”复博如故。王恐,心不在博。居顷,复从北方来传言曰:“赵王猎耳,非为寇也。”魏王大惊,曰:“公子何以知之?”公子曰:“臣之客有能深得赵王阴事者,赵王所为,客辄以报臣,臣以此知之。”是后魏王畏公子之贤能,不敢任公子以国政)。

  这个故事被史家文人反复引用,赞扬魏无忌神机妙算。更有人哀叹,若是叫魏无忌做了魏王,战国七雄鹿死谁手,未为定也。

  可是如果我们用时间地点来考察这个故事,便会发现其可笑而脱离实际。这是个只有电话普及的年代才会发生的故事。河北边境发现赵国军队,烽火传到河南开封,魏王闻报一盘棋还没下完,摸清情况的信使已经把新情报又送到了开封,在没有电话和直升机的情况下,如何能办到?再者,即使魏无忌在赵王身边有卧底,几天前已经侦知赵王要在赵魏边境打猎,然后飞马几百里把消息报给魏无忌。几天过去,现在边境传来烽火,报告发现赵国军队入侵,你怎么就能断定是打猎的赵王而不是另一队入侵的赵军呢?又怎么能断定赵王不会以打猎为名乘机入侵呢?魏安釐王有备无患难道不对吗?

  好了,撇开司马迁的拔高和诱导,让我们秉承一个中立的心,来看魏无忌窃符救赵这件事。

  魏无忌的姐姐是赵胜的夫人。赵胜亲率一个庞大的使团出使楚国,经过魏国却不去见魏无忌,而是不断写信,拿魏无忌的名声,和他姐姐的亲情刺激他。赵胜在一封信中写道:“赵胜我之所以高攀娶你姐姐为妻,就是因为仰慕公子的名声和为人。尤其是能急人所急,解人危难的行为。如今邯郸危在旦夕,魏国却不出手相救,难道公子就是这样徒有虚名解人危难的吗?纵是公子不把我这个姐夫赵胜当回事,难道也不怜悯你的亲姐姐吗?”(胜所以自附为婚姻者,以公子之高义,为能急人之困。今邯郸旦暮降秦而魏救不至,安在公子能急人之困也!且公子纵轻胜,弃之降秦,独不怜公子姊邪?)

  赵胜为什么不去大梁亲见魏无忌当面游说呢?言多必失,话多了容易露馅嘛。你说邯郸危在旦夕,已经“炊骨易子而食”了,贵为相国的你怎么出来的?既然你能出得来,粮食就应该运得进,何来炊骨易子而食?再者,你那么心疼我姐的安危,你贵为相国都能出邯郸来大梁,为什么不把我姐也带出来送来大梁?姐夫小舅子一见面,三句话就会露馅。派个使者好糊弄。一问三不知,再编个拼死杀出,死伤遗尽的故事,叫你真假难辨。

  魏无忌真就上当了。楚国的相国黄歇,拿了赵国的城池却只虚晃一枪,魏无忌却真干,不顾一切,倾家荡产。

  魏无忌叫魏安釐王的宠妃如姬帮他偷出兵符,带着门客随从百余人(乃请宾客,约车骑百馀乘),离开大梁渡黄河北上。来到邺城魏国十万大军驻军处,魏无忌拿出兵符,叫统兵的将军晋鄙交出军队(至邺,矫魏王令代晋鄙)。晋鄙生疑(晋鄙合符,疑之),魏无忌便命门客朱亥,抡起40斤重的大铁锤,一锤便把将军晋鄙的脑袋砸成了肉饼“朱亥袖四十斤铁椎,椎杀晋鄙)。可怜将军晋鄙,到死都不知道为什么而死。魏无忌掌握了军队的指挥权,得到八万人马,率军向邯郸开进救赵(得选兵八万人,进兵击秦军)。

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