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为什么说魏无忌窃符救赵是上当中计?

2016-04-12 16:04:54   程步

  秦赵长平之战,赵国因主将赵括被射杀而至军大溃。白起谎报战功说将赵军45万一举全歼,至秦昭王误判形势,发兵攻邯郸。这个时候,赵国本有能力在邯郸城下击溃秦军,(证据在《赵胜使了什么妙计,叫赵国长平之战反败为胜?》)只担心周边列国燕齐魏等趁火打劫,一时进退两难(列国趁火打劫的证据见《长平之战,齐王建该不该救赵?》《赵胜使了什么妙计,叫赵国长平之战反败为胜?》)。此时平原君赵胜抓住机会认下白起的谎言,朝列国施苦肉计,赵国的使者往来不绝于列国,哭天抹泪说赵国的男人都死绝于长平,邯郸已经炊骨易子而食,赵国旦夕而亡。赵胜也不闲着,亲自率领一个庞大的代表团,浩浩荡荡,一千多里,穿过魏国奔赴楚国,游说楚考烈王楚相黄歇救赵。赵胜许诺楚相黄歇一座城池(赵以灵丘封楚相春申君),楚国这才答应出兵救赵。双方歃血而盟(公相与歃此血於堂下),赵胜如愿以偿返回邯郸。

  可是答应是一回事,真花钱出力又是一回事。楚国虽然答应救赵,《史记》中也不断有“春申君将兵救赵”的字样,可是却没有楚军到达河内,与秦军交战或攻城略地的记载。这符合实情。

  楚国与赵国并不接壤,楚要救赵,千里之遥且不说,还必须穿过韩国、魏国,或齐国的国土。齐国不会让他过,当年楚国就是打着救援齐国的幌子,杀了齐王建他爷爷,纵兵在齐国劫掠。魏国也不会让他过。因为魏安釐王原本是要救赵的,已经派将军晋鄙率领十万大军向赵国边境推进,被秦昭王一封信一骂,吓得赶紧命晋鄙停止前进,他怎么敢放楚军过去?(魏王使将军晋鄙将十万众救赵。秦王使使者告魏王曰:“吾攻赵旦暮且下,而诸侯敢救者,已拔赵,必移兵先击之。”魏王恐,使人止晋鄙,留军壁邺,名为救赵,实持两端以观望。)韩国就更别说了。秦击野王,韩王乖乖地把上党送给秦国。如今秦军大败赵军于长平,进而围攻邯郸,这等时候,韩王怎么敢再惹事端得罪秦王?所以,楚国救赵,不过是个幌子而已。当然赵胜也并不计较,有楚国这等大国救赵的幌子在,列国才有可能羊群效应跟着上,至少不敢朝赵国背后捅刀子。赵胜不远千里的目的其实已经达到了。

  但是真有一个人犯傻,倾家荡产,杀头灭门,窃符救赵。这人就魏公子信陵君魏无忌

  魏无忌是魏安釐王的弟弟,没有官职,对魏国一无建树,却因宗亲而被封为信陵君。《魏公子列传》开篇,司马迁就定调子曰:魏无忌仁义贤能,礼贤下士,门客三千,诸侯列国因为魏无忌贤能,门客多,十余年不敢攻打魏国(公子为人仁而下士,士无贤不肖皆谦而礼交之,不敢以其富贵骄士。士以此方数千里争往归之,致食客三千人。当是时,诸侯以公子贤,多客,不敢加兵谋魏十馀年)。

  不过,司马迁上述对魏无忌的抬举,显然与他自己记录下来的材料相抵触。《魏世家》记载,“安釐王元年,秦拔我两城。二年,又拔我二城。”“三年,秦拔我四城,斩首四万。四年,秦破我及韩、赵,杀十五万人,走我将芒卯。”“九年,秦拔我怀。”“十一年,秦拔我郪丘。”“齐、楚相约而攻魏,魏使人求救于秦。”在其后的八年时间里,魏国没有受到攻击,也并不是诸侯感念于魏无忌的仁德或惧怕他的才能,而是因为无暇他顾。秦国改变策略开始专心攻打韩国和赵国,期间包括历时三年多的长平大战,两年多的邯郸战役。楚顷襄王死了楚考烈王继位,儿子没有着落政权不稳。齐国夹在燕赵之间不敢轻举妄动。到了魏安釐王二十年,魏无忌就逃亡赵国了。因此,司马迁所谓因魏无忌贤能门客多,诸侯就吓得十余年不敢向魏国用兵,完全是为了拔高魏无忌而无中生有。

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