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《我的奋斗》纳粹党徒都嫌难看:何以蛊惑千万人

2016-03-22 14:56:02   国家人文历史

在对德语的使用上,《我的奋斗》也是一个反面教材。曾经有文学批评家做过统计,整本书中出现了16.4万处语法和句法错误。在书中,笨重而难以理解的从句、没有必要的文字重复、稀奇古怪的概括比比皆是,到处充斥着强烈而富有侵犯性的语言,夸张、华而不实、装腔作势的文风,矛盾、因果倒置、草率归因的论证方式。实际上,包括许多忠实的纳粹分子在内,很少有人能把这本臃肿冗长,多达782页的大部头读完。甚至就连纳粹党内部也有人揶揄地说,这本书其实应该叫作《我的抽筋》。

啤酒馆暴动后主动蹲监狱搞创作

这么一部结构散漫又没可读性的长篇大论怎么会兴风作浪20年呢?这得从创作之初说起。

1924年4月1日,慕尼黑人民法庭对去年11月9日那场闹剧一般的啤酒馆暴动做出了最终判决,宽大到就像是愚人节的玩笑:以希特勒为首的5名主犯仅被判处了5年徒刑,服刑6个月之后就能申请假释。考虑到政变之后两天的11月11日希特勒就被逮捕收监,到 4月1日这天他已经在监狱中待了快5个月,法庭的这个判决基本相当于当庭开释!即使如此法官还对希特勒感到抱歉,特地在判决书加入了一段对他“纯粹的爱国动机和光荣的意图”表示深刻同情的说明,而且断然否决了公诉人要求将这个外国人驱逐出境的要求,因为“这个要求不能适用于像希特勒这样处处以德国的地位来进行思考和体验的人”。

一向不按常理出牌的希特勒却坚决不出狱,老老实实住满了一年,直到1924年的12月20日才出来。因为他要利用这段安静的时间写本书。此时希特勒已经很明确地意识到,在德国武装夺权是行不通的。用希特勒自己的话说,啤酒馆暴动是他“一生中最轻率鲁莽的决定”,因为即便是政变“成功,也必然会由于当时运动内部的不够成熟和组织及思想基础上的缺陷而以惨败收场”。在蹲监狱的这段时间中,希特勒通过反省得出了结论:“推翻旧国家是不够的,必须在事前建立起新国家,并且随时准备好……留下来要做的不过是摧毁旧国家的最后残余——这只要几个小时就行了。”因此希特勒迫切需要撰写一本著作,向大众阐述自己全部政治理念,告诉大家这个未来之国到底会是什么模样。

在历史上,不乏政治人物在狱中发愤撰写重要政治著作的例子,但其中很少有人能像希特勒一样拥有如此优越的写作环境。由于当地政府纵容,希特勒在兰德斯堡与其说是服刑,不如说是作家找了个度假村闭关搞创作:住的是舒适单人“囚室”,窗外就是美丽的乡村风景;吃的是比市面还好的食物,每天还有葡萄酒或啤酒供应。当休息时,他和其他纳粹分子可以打牌、运动,四处聊天散步。后来,狱方甚至还允许他们开办酒店和出版报纸——不夸张地说,光是全德国寄给希特勒的慰问品就足够供他们开办这家酒店,外加一个水果店和花店。希特勒后来也回忆说,这段服刑时间实际上他在接受“政府付费的大学教育”。

大概是在1924年5月左右,希特勒开始着手撰写这部著作。他每天早上6点起床,和狱友吃过早饭之后,就回到单人囚室写作和阅读,偶尔出席一下狱友的活动。一般写到中午就和狱友一起吃午餐。午餐期间他各种高谈阔论,发布重要指示。下午处理信件、会见客人和散步。晚餐后,看看狱友的体育活动,8点回牢房,10点准时熄灯。在兰德斯堡这样规律地生活了半年多之后,希特勒连体重都增加了。12月20日出狱时,他已经完成他的著作计划中的第一卷《重要问题的解决》。接下来的一年中,又写完第二卷《国家社会主义运动》,还给自己的书取了一个严肃而拗口的名字:《四年半来对谎言、愚蠢和胆怯的斗争》。

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