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《我的奋斗》纳粹党徒都嫌难看:何以蛊惑千万人

2016-03-22 14:56:02   国家人文历史

这次出书倒不是心血来潮,很可能是采纳希特勒的商务经理、纳粹党御用的艾赫出版社负责人马克斯·阿曼的提议。作为一名精明的书商,阿曼不想放过啤酒馆政变带来的商机,因此极力劝说希特勒撰写一本揭秘此次政变内幕的书;同时他也希望能将这本书打造成一本励志大作:讲述一名默默无闻的维也纳“工人”(至少希特勒自己是这么说的),是如何通过不懈努力和奋斗成为如今风云人物的。他向希特勒保证,这本书一面世就能登上畅销书榜首,可以带给希特勒不菲的收入,不仅能让他偿清在不久前审判中欠下的高额律师费用,甚至还有盈余买一辆奔驰车!

但作为政治家的希特勒思考得远比这个商人更深远。事实上,精明狡猾的希特勒明白,纳粹党还处在困难的创业期,从政治角度来看,不管是旁人有多好奇,自己也绝不能去翻黑历史。因此,整个第一卷更多的是抽象性的表达,加上一些普通的自传叙述。出版商阿曼期望看到一本揭秘政变的励志传奇,而当他看到希特勒对啤酒馆政变只字未提时不禁大失所望。但阿曼毕竟是商人,他将丝毫没有卖点的书名改成了朗朗上口的《我的奋斗》。

到底卖了多少本

1925年7月18日,《我的奋斗》第一卷《重要问题的解决》出版,售价是12马克(当时约合3美元),比同期德国出版的大多数书籍贵一倍。第二卷《国家社会主义运动》于1926年11月11日出版(上下册售价合计24 马克)。全书共27章,上卷12章,下卷15章,分章标题如下:

上册:我的家庭/在维也纳的学习/在维也纳所得的政见/在慕尼黑/世界大战/战争宣传/革命/我政治生活的开始/德国工人党/第二帝国的崩溃/民族和种族/纳粹党的最初阶段;

下册:世界观和政党/国家/公民和国家主体/个人和人民国家的观念/世界观和组织/最初的斗争/和红色势力的斗争/孤独让强者变得更强/有关冲锋队意义和组织的基本理念/联邦主义的假面/宣传和组织/工会问题/德国战后联盟政策/东方政策/紧急防卫权。

搞清楚《我的奋斗》在纳粹上台之前到底卖出了多少套,是一件很有意义的事情。因为在某种程度上,这本书的自然销量是一个最直观的指标,可以反映出普通大众在未受到官方胁迫时,对纳粹和极右势力盲从到什么地步。阿曼说这本书第一年就卖出了2.3万册,以后逐年递增,这显然是吹牛,反纳粹的人从来不相信这个数据;但有一部分人又走入另外一个极端,居然不过大脑地相信截止到1927年《我的奋斗》总共只销售出6200套。

1945年,盟军缴获了艾赫出版社的版税清单,《我的奋斗》的真实销量由此曝光:1925年刚问世时,一口气销出了9473册,后来有所下滑,到1930年又卖出54086册。在纳粹上台之前7年中,总共销售了22万套,说明每300个德国人中就有1人主动购买这本书。考虑到这是一本超级枯燥难看的政治书籍,其销量着实让人瞠目结舌。

1939年,梅梅尔(今立陶宛克莱佩尔,二战前为东欧德裔聚居区)地方秩序局公务员中的纳粹党成员正在阅读《我的奋斗》。这张摆拍照片意图表现此书为纳粹分子最爱的书籍

随着《我的奋斗》的大卖,希特勒也从中获得了不菲的版税收入。1933年,希特勒就任总理的第一年,《我的奋斗》的销量就暴增到150万册,他的版税收入也多达100万马克(约折合2010年美元377万),出版社很识时务地将他的版税从10%提到了15%。随着希特勒成为第三帝国元首,德国再也没有什么书能比《我的奋斗》更畅销了。每户德国家庭都会购买一本《我的奋斗》,不管是不是真的认同或者支持纳粹运动,总之放本在家里镇宅保平安,免得惹来不必要的麻烦。只要是在德国上学的学生,毕业典礼上一定会得到这本书。市政厅结婚登记处,也将本来送给新婚夫妻的《圣经》改成了《我的奋斗》。由于纳粹党利用政治特权推广,《我的奋斗》到1939年累计发行量已经高达545万册,1942 年845万册,1943 年984万册。到1945年战争结束时,共有5000万人口的德国,20年共计销售了大约1200万本,被官方翻译成16种语言,给希特勒带来了800万马克(折合现在3016万美元)的版税收入!

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