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明人著作中郑和下西洋:动支天下13省钱粮才够

2016-03-22 14:42:33   中国经营报

商城记·东莞

明永乐十九年(1421年),明成祖朱棣正式迁都北京,同一年,郑和奉旨六下西洋。此乃这位深得朱棣信任的大航海家,在永乐年间的最后一次远行。

关于本次下西洋的准确日期和实际出发港,史书上记载不一。近年来,据广东学者考证,郑和船队很可能是在当年十月中旬,由华南大港广州放洋出海。而早在14年前,即永乐五年九月,郑和二下西洋,也是从广东起航。

这与传统文献及人们一般印象中,郑和下西洋以南京附近的苏州刘家河为基地,大多从福建出海的说法,有所出入。更有意思的是,现存极为有限的资料显示,郑和下西洋的随员中,有若干广东籍人士,尤以东莞人居多。

扼守粤海咽喉的东莞,与中国历史上最壮观的一次海上冒险事业发生联系,既在意料之外,亦在情理之中。

下西洋的东莞人

在明人茅元仪所著《武备志·郑和航海图》中,描绘了广东珠江出海口周边水道及岛屿分布,图中上部可见“东莞所”字样。

靠海吃海在商言商

除了沿海走私之外,明朝时的广东商民还自备船舶,直航东西洋诸国,即今东南亚地区,走私贩私,从贸易中取利。

永乐元年(1403年),刚刚夺权成功的朱棣,改变了其父朱元璋以守为主的对外政策,在北方频频用兵,同时四出遣使,积极发展与海外诸国的关系。他下旨恢复了洪武年间罢设的广东、福建、浙江三个市舶司,并派宦官为提督加以监察管理。

当时海外各国朝贡(其实是以此为名前来做生意),日本取道浙江,琉球取道福建,安南(今越南)取道广西,南洋多国通常走海路取道广东。因此,广东是明代朝贡贸易的最主要通道与枢纽,广东市舶司也是三市舶司中任务最重、规模最大、作用最突出的,连该市舶司附设招待来使的怀远驿,也是三省驿馆中最大,有各类房舍120间。

永乐年间郑和六下西洋之壮举,在明廷官方来说,主要目的是宣扬天朝国威,慑服海外诸藩,客观上却拉动了东南沿海诸港的商船贸易发展,广东自然也大大受益。

明代广州人郭在万历三十年(1602年)所修《广东通志》中记载:永乐五年九月“命太监郑和使西洋诸国,首从广东往占城国起”。这就是郑和二下西洋,船队从广东启航后,所经国家有占城、爪哇、暹罗、苏门答腊、南巫里、故里、柯枝、锡兰等,永乐七年才启程回国。

民间史籍记载,永乐一朝,广东官船频频出海,走私活动(也相当活跃,沿海各县平民、官吏和卫所军士,都有参与。粤东海滨,居民跟海盗及成分复杂的“倭寇”,来往密切,甚至窝藏接济,冲击海禁制度。

除了沿海走私之外,广东商民还自备船舶,直航东西洋诸国,即今东南亚地区,走私贩私,从贸易中取利。现代英国学者卡德在《中国人在荷属东印度的经济地位》一文中称:

“到十六世纪末,有相当多的中国人贸易中心出现于爪哇、锦石、泗水、饶洞、万丹、日葛礁和其他岛屿(苏门答腊、西婆罗洲)上,这些中国人都是福建和广东两省的人。”

闽粤两地中国商民能大批移民侨居东南亚,在当地站稳脚跟,很大程度上得益于郑和下西洋时在那一带为明朝树立的崇高威望。有可靠的文献记载,来自广东的侨民首领,在郑和的认可和支持下,甚至成为旧港“大头目,以主其地”,并传位给子女,俨然称王。这更带动了不少广东商民前来侨居。爪哇的情形也与此类似。

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