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明人著作中郑和下西洋:动支天下13省钱粮才够

2016-03-22 14:42:33   中国经营报

前面提到过,东莞县人钟左的父祖钟海清,在郑和首次下西洋时,于旧港“应招率本管头目人船随同来朝,升正千户”。华人移居海外,喜欢聚族而居,本县本府同乡也往往愿意扎堆,钟海清能号令众人来归,很可能他们都是莞籍的乡里乡亲。

此外,元朝末年,群雄并起,时任元地方官的东莞人何真,也以东莞、广州为基地,一度凭险而守,割据岭南,后来审时度势,归附明太祖。他麾下很多东莞籍军人被调往南京行在充当卫军,估计就有获选拔随郑和下西洋者。

“万里天险,与诸番共之”

“广州海亦有三路,分三门,而以虎头为大门。潮汐之所出入,东西二洋之所往来,以此为咽喉焉。”

郑和七下西洋,固然让国力蒸蒸日上的中华王朝声威远播,但为此付出的财政负担也相当沉重。明人所著《三宝太监西洋记通俗演义》中说,下西洋“须是动支天下一十三省的钱粮来,方才够用”,恐怕不全是夸张的话。故当年宦官四出搜刮财宝,为朝中大臣诟病之事实,多见于史书。在广东地方志上,也留下了若干记录。

明嘉靖年间黄佐编纂的《广东通志》之“民物志”内,提到永乐年间采珠事三次,头两次就在东莞县。第一次是永乐四年(1406年)春三月开始,“东莞军人王保儿告,大步海出珠蚌,可采为国用”,到永乐十三年才下诏罢采,但第二年又下诏复采。到了宣德三年(1428年)十一月,行在锦衣卫带俸指挥钟法保上奏称,他是东莞大步海人,熟知滨海的横沙、潭石等处皆有珠池,产大珠,请求派遣宦官同往开采。

原在东莞县境,今属香港地区的大步海“珠池”,早在五代十国的南汉(917~971年,辖今两广及越南北部)时期便远近闻名,经历代滥采,到明代资源已近枯竭。明洪武年间短暂开采,又复封禁。到了永乐朝,郑和下西洋急需大量珍珠,作为航行至各藩国时分封、赏赐之用,曾派重兵把守该珠池。东莞籍军人屡次献计采珠,不排除是以此图为进身之阶,或借机中饱私囊。

永乐四年第一次在东莞采珠,与永乐五年郑和二下西洋从广州出发,时间上颇为吻合,有学者推测两者之间或有直接关联。因此,在郑和下西洋的宏大事业中,东莞地方曾扮演的角色,实在不可忽视。

二百余年后,大明江山已经变色,寓居东莞的明朝忠实遗民屈大均,在他的笔记名作《广东新语》里,详细描述了广州港出海口的万千气象:

“广州海亦有三路,分三门,而以虎头为大门。虎头者,天地之阳气所从入……海者地之宗,故祀南海神于虎头门之阴。门在广州南,大小虎两山相束,一石峰当中,下有一长石为门限,潮汐之所出入,东西二洋之所往来,以此为咽喉焉。出虎头咫尺,则万里天险,与诸番共之。诸番非表而吾非里也,大唐之地止乎此。”

虎头门,也就是赫赫有名的东莞虎门,为珠江八大出海口之一,外洋船舶进出广州港的必经之地。屈大均又有一首流传甚广的竹枝词,缅怀大明盛世时的“金山珠海、天子南库”:

洋船争出是官商,十字门开向二洋。五丝八丝广缎好,银钱堆满十三行。

遥想当年,郑和使团两度浩浩荡荡由此起航下西洋时,坚船巨舰上的万千官兵,包括那些刚刚挥别家乡父老的东莞人,也必定为生逢盛世而心怀骄傲,为即将展开的扬威之旅振奋不已吧。

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