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明人著作中郑和下西洋:动支天下13省钱粮才够

2016-03-22 14:42:33   中国经营报

本文摘自:《中国经营报》2016年2月1日第E4版,作者:佚名,原题:《虎头门开向二洋》

明代东莞县境内设有东莞千户所和大鹏千户所。这些沿海卫所的军人,往往就是郑和船队武职人员的调配和补充来源。

综合多种可靠史料估计,郑和历次下西洋的船队,规模都极为庞大,通常有大船二百余艘,总编制在二万七八千人之间,又以武职人员和军士居多,约在九成以上,除军事任务外,他们还要承担各类工作。

但下西洋航程极为艰险,往往来回一趟就花费数年,很多人有去无回,史书有云“三保下西洋,费钱粮数十万,军民死且万计”。郑和本人也是在宣德八年(1433年)七下西洋时病逝于海外,导致整个远征行动几乎是突然中断。

靠永乐皇帝撑腰的宦官郑和兴师动众、劳民伤财,也早让朝中诸多高官觉得很不爽,他们有意销毁宫中保存的大量相关档案资料。故除了郑和本人在《明史》立传外,他的船队核心领导层及管理干部的生平,只留下一些零零星星的材料,大多数普通随员的事迹,则几乎湮没无闻。

尽管如此,经过当代中国及日本一些学者的努力,仍从史料中梳理还原了至少60多位随员的资料,他们大多来自江、浙、闽、粤等东南沿海省份。广东社科院历史研究所学者陈忠烈就指出,有名有姓、事迹可考的广东籍随员共12人,东莞籍的占了5人,里面还有一对是父子。如果按此比例推算,每次下西洋的二万七千多人中,东莞人必定不在少数。

为什么郑和下西洋的随员中,广东人特别是东莞人多呢?

原来,郑和船队的高级武职人员,多出自直隶(迁都北京后又称南直隶,大致是今江苏、安徽两省及上海市辖区范围)和南京行在卫军,尤以锦衣卫军为骨干。一般军官和士兵,都是从各个卫所调拨。至于普通技工和水手,多从闽、粤、浙惯经风浪的船民中挑选,大量民夫、杂役,则在正式起航前的水陆集结途中随时征发。

既然郑和七下西洋有两次是从广东出海,当地壮丁应征随行,就是很正常的事了。如明嘉靖十四年(1535年)编纂的《广东通志初稿》中就提及,永乐十九年时,随征西洋的宦官在行经粤北重镇韶州(今韶关市)时,征用民夫、骚扰地方的情形。

而明代时东莞县素称“吾粤中路咽喉地”,扼守广东中路海防线,县境内设有东莞千户所和大鹏千户所(辖地今分属香港和深圳)。这些沿海卫所的军人,往往就是郑和船队武职人员的调配和补充来源。

这些东莞人在“征西洋”过程中也屡屡立功。如东莞县人钟左,因父祖钟海清在郑和第一次下西洋期间在旧港(印尼第一大岛,明朝曾设旧港宣慰司,为当时驻南洋最高行政机构)接受招安归国,他本人蒙荫加入锦衣卫,“下西洋二次有功”,升任南京锦衣卫指挥佥事。东莞县人李真、陈永华,多次“赴西洋公干”有功,升任锦衣卫镇抚司。

还有前面提及的东莞“父子兵”黄子成、黄本奴,父子成出身卫所,早年在海运途中殉职,子本奴递补,数下西洋,因功先升总旗,再升百户,在卫所里当上了中级军官。

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