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二战中的情报暗战:丘吉尔为保密牺牲一座城市

2016-03-21 14:40:44   人民网

1940年7月2日,希特勒发布了第一组“海狮”作战计划,也即英国本土登陆作战计划。战役一开始,丘吉尔和空军参谋部就通过“超级机密”了解到德国空军的大部分——有时甚至是全部的计划。

针对德国空军司令戈林要求夺取制空权的指令,英国皇家空军制定了集中优势兵力打击敌人的方案。由于英国空军的飞机数量没有德国多,所以只能在适当时间、适当地方和适当高度,集中战斗机中队及主要防御力量,对付敌人的主攻力量。依赖预警雷达及破译的德国军事情报,英国皇家空军总能掐着纳粹空军到达的时刻精准升空拦截,而不需要时时空中巡逻防备德军突袭——英国空军由此大大减少了飞行员体力消耗及汽油等战略物资消耗。

1940年8月13日,苏塞克斯和肯特上空,80架德军“道尼尔 17”轰炸机群,以及更多数量的“容克 88”俯冲轰炸机,飞往不列颠腹地及海岸线执行轰炸任务。由于天空浓云密布,德军护航战斗机无法按计划起飞,轰炸机只好单独出击。

英国空军司令部事先已知晓德军行动计划,当在雷达上发现德国飞机后,立即启动早已就绪的作战方案……这次交锋,德国空军共损失飞机47架,另有80多架被击伤,而英国空军仅损失飞机13架。

此前,戈林曾向希特勒夸下海口说,英国南部的空中防御将在4天内土崩瓦解,而英国空军则将在4周内被逐出英国上空。尽管德国在后来的几次轰炸中取得了一些成果,但依赖雷达和密码破译,英国空军在战力1:3的悬殊比例下,鏖战两月后,让戈林夸下的海口变成了幻梦:由于戈林始终没有取得不列颠及英吉利海峡的制空权,希特勒只得宣布“海狮计划”无限期推迟。

于是,1940年11月14号晚7时许,银色的月光下,大批德国轰炸机如期飞临考文垂上空,第一个目标是自来水厂,然后是电厂、煤气厂、电话局、下水道和交通系统……德军的目的,是要使城市“血凝气绝”,一切陷于瘫痪。

10小时间,德军轰炸机一批又一批到达,炸弹如梭子织网,不放过城市任何角落。而后,凛冽的冬风将燃烧弹的火球刮向四面八方,全城陷入火海,消防车开到街上,橡皮轮胎马上被地面余烬烧熔,只能空着铁轱辘爬行。考文垂市中心14世纪所建的圣马可教堂——这个英格兰人引以为豪的艺术瑰宝,也被燃烧弹击中,大火持续到午夜,教堂圆顶轰然坍陷、拱门倒塌,只剩下了四壁残墙和一个钟塔。

从晚7时到翌晨2时,德军共投弹5万枚,其中燃烧弹3万枚。德军飞行员在目击记中说,飞机飞到距考文垂180公里的英国海岸时,还能看到考文垂的冲天火光,“这个城市肯定完蛋了”。

考文垂确实接近“死亡”:市中心夷为平地,工厂被破坏三分之一,军工生产瘫痪,市民被炸死584人,炸伤4800人,12家生产飞机零部件的工厂遭到严重破坏。此后,由于考文垂还有生产能力,德机又光顾了几次,到1941年4月的一次大轰炸为止,地面设施基本摧毁,5万所房屋化为灰烬,市中心原有3000所房屋仅存30所,25万人的繁荣城市成了“死城”,考文垂由此在英文中成了“极度毁灭”的同义词。

“捏着德国人的脉搏打这场大战”

但考文垂的牺牲是有巨大价值的:依赖“超级机密”的帮助,英国人走出了最初的困境,在赢得不列颠空战之后,又先后取得了大西洋海战、北非反击战的胜利。

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