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二战中的情报暗战:丘吉尔为保密牺牲一座城市

2016-03-21 14:40:44   人民网

1941年5月,英国海军通过“超级机密”提供的情报,一举击沉了比任何英国战舰都要强大的德国“俾斯麦”号战列舰。这艘被赋予普鲁士“铁血宰相”之名的战列舰,是德国海军的骄傲,排水量达53000吨,航速30节,装有381毫米主炮8门,中小口径高平两用炮40余门,并搭有4架水上飞机,舷装甲最厚处有320毫米,被誉为“不沉的海上堡垒”。

1941年5月,“俾斯麦”号秘密进入大西洋,打算再狠狠打击英国运输队,以彻底切断英国的海上生命线。法国败降以后,英国虽赢得不列颠空战,但处境依然危急,赖以生存的大西洋海上运输线极为脆弱。被德国潜艇击沉的英国商船无数,每月以50万吨左右的速度直线上升。作为一个岛国,英国一旦失去外部物资供给,只能束手待毙。

对付大西洋上那些神出鬼没的德国潜艇使英国人焦头烂额,而英国的造船速度不足以弥补海上损失,若“俾斯麦”号再出现在大西洋,英国的海上生命线无疑将面临被完全切断的危险。为此,英国人决定,必须不惜代价在“俾斯麦”号到达大西洋前将其击毁。

此间,“炸弹”不断收到德国方面与“俾斯麦”号往来电文。终于,在1941年5月间,英国人等到了这一天。在明确了“俾斯麦”号的行动计划后,英国海军组成了突击编队,立即从英国北部的斯卡帕湾基地出发,取捷径直插丹麦海峡南端,截击“俾斯麦”号。

行进途中,尽管“俾斯麦”号战列舰实行了灯火管制,却始终没有逃出英国舰队的追踪。德国人并不知道,从“俾斯麦”号上发出的任何“保密”的电文,英国人都已经知晓。

英国皇家海军派遣了8艘战列舰及战列巡洋舰和两艘航空母舰,即皇家海军约半数的力量,才最终将“俾斯麦”号击沉。而“俾斯麦”号在沉入大西洋的一刹那,德国人始终也没有搞清楚为什么英国会有那么多的战舰迅速集结到它的周围,给了它致命的打击。

后来,英国又摧毁了德军“埃塔普”舰队。虽然德国事后一度怀疑是否海军的密码被破获,但专司此事调查的一个委员会,几次调查都排除了“谜”泄露的可能。

大西洋海战之后,1942年11月,在北非阿拉曼战场上,“超级机密”提供的情报又发挥重大作用。由于英国蒙哥马利将军对德国隆美尔的非洲军团的战略战术计划、实力部署、后勤供给事先了如指掌,仅仅13天,德军就损失6万人和500多辆坦克,使“沙漠之狐”惨败于非洲沙漠。

3年后,英美百万大军从诺曼底重返欧洲大陆,以摧枯拉朽之势向德国本土进击。在法国瑟堡的码头,丘吉尔带着孟席斯等人,气宇轩昂地从军舰上走下来:“还记得吧,从考文垂以后,我们一直捏着德国人的脉搏打这场世界大战!”

二战结束后,美国情报官西伯特将军与前德国将军盖伦谈到盟国胜利的原因时说:“我认为还有一个更重要的因素。你晓得,我们在阅读你们司令部的密码通讯。英国人从开始就阅读这些电报,我们利用各种屏障来掩护‘超级机密’。”盖伦当即感叹:“如果是那样的话,我们就根本没有取胜的希望。”(作者系文史学者)

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