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客从何处来:中国获得唯一一辆美制M48坦克始末

2016-03-10 11:31:22   刘晓峰

缴获M48坦克

具体到我们想要找到的这辆M48坦克,肯定是在南越守军弃械而逃的战役中缴获的,所以我们应从美国撤出越南以后,越盟和南越进行的几次的大规模战役进行梳理,排除参战被击伤、击毁的M48坦克,让叶帅的这辆M48坦克自己浮出水面。根据军事常识,能够让敌人连武器都来不起启用,直接望风而逃的战役,其实力对比一定是绝对悬殊。南方司令部为了组织一次能够的上敌我比例绝对悬殊的大战役,于1974年11月,越盟副司令黎德英、副政委黎文想和第4军军长黄琴发动福隆战役。他们以最精锐的第9师在西贡西北方向的西宁市附近佯动迷惑敌军,南越第四军果然上当,以南越第7师的一个团和一个坦克连、2个重炮连从西南方向的丛林潜行至越盟第9师附近,他们的战斗决心是攻占福隆省重镇同帅市,然后以同帅市为补给依托,把战果扩大到福隆省全境。为了阻止南越军队的企图,越盟部署了一个师又一个团把守14号公路,阻敌增援。然而根据越南总参谋部的命令,战役目标又被迫临时修改为攻占有南越第3军1个步兵营和1个炮兵连驻防的同帅外围据点布登。经过调整,越盟第4军于7日早晨开始发动进攻。于12月20日攻克布登镇,这一仗,越盟之俘虏了300名敌兵,而且还缴获了3辆M48坦克,另有105毫米榴弹炮4门,炮弹7000发和3000余支各类枪械。根据已经掌握的资料,截止到1974年12月20日,越南人民军及其武装部队终于缴获了第一批完好无损的M48坦克。

宜将剩勇追穷寇

在1975年有一场西原战役,也出现了M48坦克的身影。1975年3月2日,越盟第2师彻底控制住了14号公路,南越第23师在沿山间公路西进增援的过程中被越盟第9师派出的40火箭筒手彻底击溃,装甲团在盘山路上受到师属反坦克部队伏击,没有受损的装甲战斗车辆几乎是不存在的,所以这支部队装备的M48坦克也可以被刨除在外。作为守军,南越第8装甲团随后在邦美蜀遭到越盟武装的攻击,损失了30辆M48坦克。按照越南军队的战报,此时还有许多南越伪军企图丛林向东溃散,他们扔掉了所有重型装备,包括十几辆M48坦克。就连1972年成功击败过越南坦克部队的南越第2装甲旅齐装满员的3个团也在早些时候于7号公路全军覆没。

至此,美国在越南战争中投入的600多辆M48坦克还留在南越伪军手里的已经不足400辆了。而越南人民军及其武装缴获和击毁的M48坦克,已经接近200辆,其中有170辆确认已经参加过战斗,被排除在可能送给叶帅的坦克之外,没有参加过战斗的新车只有在1974年12月20日和1975年3月11日缴获的这不到20辆M48坦克。

就在刚刚缴获这这批M48坦克以后,又有一份更大的厚礼等着越南人民军3月14日,南越在越南东海岸的芽庄基地召开了军事会议,此时的阮文绍已经绝望了,由于装甲部队损失严重,14号公路补给线又被切断,不得已下达了全面撤退的命令。然而此时,南越武装已经溃不成军,撤退逐渐演变成了溃逃,曾经装备精良的第2军扔掉了全部重型装备,沿13号公路南撤。没有了装甲车辆的掩护,这些残兵败将不断地被沿途的越盟游击队攻击。据幸存下来的南越第2军少校军官阮晋勇回忆:“油库的油都被军需官拿到市场上卖掉了,有很多车辆没有加满油就开走了,等跑到一半没有油了以后就下来步行,有一些没有长官的士兵开始抢随军家属的财物和食物,当时也有五、六个士兵要来抢我太太的箱子,和我随行的警卫员拔出手枪打死了其中带头的士兵,剩下的士兵也不敢靠近,赶紧跑掉了。”后来,在美国人编写的一些关于越南战争的历史书籍中,有过这样的描写:“神出鬼没的越共游击队用冲锋枪和手榴弹疯狂地攻击撤退的人群,路上还遍布他们设下的地雷和陷阱。13号公路两旁时常能看见士兵和家属的尸体”。随后,经过越盟武装人员进驻了许多南越留下来的仓库和基地,一共击毁和缴获了超过300辆坦克和装甲车辆,这批装甲车辆中有27辆M48坦克,其中有6辆车体没有弹痕。至此,越南人民军手中已经拥有将近26辆9成以上新的M48坦克。

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