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客从何处来:中国获得唯一一辆美制M48坦克始末

2016-03-10 11:31:22   刘晓峰

越南总理范文同和越盟南方司令部副司令黎德英在1968年11月17日来到北京觐见毛主席。

黎:“当我们的步兵冲锋时,美国人的坦克和装甲车赶忙逃跑。他们非常害怕我们的部队,我们的部队有毛主席给的武器,包括40火箭筒。”

毛:“那个东西厉害么?”

黎:“打坦克非常厉害,一打就中。美国兵在坦克里死成一团。”

毛:“打日本的时候我们没有。”

黄永胜(中国人民解放军总参谋长):“解放战争的时候也没有。”

周恩来:“打朝鲜时也没有。”

范:“一打中,坦克就化了。”

黎:“坦克里的美国兵烧得象烤猪一样。”

毛:“那要多给你们一些40火箭筒了。

中国和越南通过40火箭筒建立起来的蜜月期一直持续到1972年尼克松访华,2月21日晚上在人民大会堂举行了盛大的欢迎宴会。周恩来总理在欢迎宴会上说:“中美两国的社会制度根本不同,在中美两国政府之间存在着巨大的分歧。但是,这种分歧不应当妨碍中美两国在互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处五项原则的基础上建立正常的国家关系,更不应该导致战争……我们希望,通过双方坦率地交换意见,弄清楚彼此之间的分歧,努力寻找共同点,使我们两国的关系能够有一个新的开始。”北京这个态度被传到越南,胡志明曾经在1969年把苏联和中国比喻为老大哥和老大姐。现在老大姐竟然跟资本主义头子开始抛媚眼,于是越南自觉地就和老大哥的关系更近了。有了这次与中国谋求和平的旅行,尼克松感觉到中国似乎可以发展成为牵制苏联的盟友,两国在工业、经济、文化等方面能够一起做的事情太多了。于是尼克松甚至想把越南做个顺水人情给中国,以换取在远东及亚洲更大的利益。

1973年1月23日,美国国会也通过禁止给南越政府拨款的决议,至此,从1954年起,有美国参与的越南战争宣告终于结束。于此同时,黎德寿和基辛格获得了诺贝尔和平奖,然而黎德寿并没有去领奖,他带着几个随从,秘密潜入了南方。南越的阮文绍得知黎德寿没有领奖的消息后,感觉事情不妙,阮文绍认为美国抛弃了自己。1973年2月,在阮文邵终于在尼克松在家中的高尔夫球场上得到了一个“美国对真正威胁到南越的行动,是不会置之不理的”的口头保证,然而此时的尼克松已经深陷水门事件中,哪还有精力再去管理南越政府的烂摊子。被美国抛弃后,南越军队能够抵御越盟武装的总兵力大约有20万人,拥有400辆坦克装甲车辆,并且编有一个M48A3坦克团。然而,南越就像一个被抛弃的情人,虽然得到了一大笔财产,但想想以后的日子,心里却是空落落的。

根据《巴黎协定》,美军必须在协议签订后60天内撤离越南,1975年4月29日,美军援越司令部在西贡机场举行了随后一次降旗仪式,由于来不及调集运输船只,美军在走的时候只带了一些必要的轻武器,大量全新的重型装备全部留给了南越军队。在这些重型装备中,大量的M48A3被转移至南越陆军之中,作为南越陆军的装甲主力被使用。虽然这些坦克只有一部分曾被拿出来使用过,还有一些甚至没来得及启封就被越南人民军缴获了,但叶剑英元帅的生日是4月28日,所以从时间上看,武元甲送给叶剑英的这辆M48坦克肯定不在这批坦克之内。

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