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美军打造城市"蜂群"作战能力 为"抵消战略"而生

2016-12-21 11:28:32   

当然,美第三次“抵消战略”能否实现预期效果,将主要取决于美自身的科技创新能力、国防工业支撑能力和国内政治因素,以及美潜在对手的相对实力和战略博弈等因素。其有利因素包括:政治方面,创新驱动始终是美战略文化的重要组成部分,美两党对于本轮“抵消战略”基本达成一致。技术创新方面,美拥有最高效的技术创新体系和强大的军民一体化国防工业基础,为本轮“抵消战略”和《国防创新倡议备忘录》的实施提供了强有力的保障。综合国力方面,相比前两次“抵消战略”,此轮是美在综合国力明显优于对手的情况下推出,总体上更具优势。

但美同样面临诸多制约:一是国防预算约束压力。自2008年金融危机爆发以来,美经济虽有复苏,但与其想定对手相比不占突出优势。二是美不再占据“主场”优势。冷战时期,美军实际上是依赖北约在欧洲打一场防御性的“主场比赛”,而今美军需要将力量远距离投送到数量有限、大部分没有良好防御的前沿基地。三是美面临的威胁相对冷战时更为复杂多变。前两次“抵消战略”对手明确,而今美面临来自传统安全和非传统安全领域更为复杂的威胁。四是落实本轮“抵消战略”还需国会、工业界等的支持与合作,其中协调难度较大。五是当今全球经济一体化加强了各国之间的技术流动,美对潜在威胁国家的高新技术壁垒影响有限。

具有独特优势的“蜂群”无人作战体系在“抵消”背景下应运而生

自动化的无人系统提供了另外一种有潜力的方案。它们可用于扩增现有的载人系统,能以相当低的开支将额外的传感器和导弹投放至战场。这个办法是可行的,因为各式各样的无人自动系统具备节约成本的优势,其高持久力意味着在战场中只需要更少的作战平台就能维持同样数量的攻击力。在一些任务中,提高自动化程度可以减少培训人工操作员的需要,特别是在一些花费高昂的训练中,如飞行员训练。大规模地打造这些系统,利用“蜂群”系统的适应性来置换作战平台生存能力的概念,可使得作战平台的生存能力抵消掉其所值的花费。

“蜂群”作战体系还具备其他方面的优势。该系统庞大的数量急剧扩大了敌人需打击的目标,能让对手付出更高的代价。这些分散的系统不仅更难以被敌方锁定,而且在战斗中拥有更强的适应性。一旦其中的一些系统被毁坏,剩余的系统还能通过降低作战能力来完成任务,这比起昂贵的单一作战平台所造成的灾难性损失风险要占优。将武器功能分散到不同的系统组合中,可以提升每一个系统的抗缺陷或抗故障适应性,让敌人不得不采用多种多样的方式加以应对,额外增加敌人的负担。总之,大量协同作战的系统凭借在战场上更卓越的协调性和速度,足以驾驭“蜂群”的优势。

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