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揭秘:蒋介石与希特勒的分分合合

2016-03-21 14:55:17   人民网

鲍尔来华后直接从事的重要工作之一,就是为国民党高级将领授课。授课的内容包括军事工业、新式武器与化学战等。听鲍尔课的,除了蒋介石,还有冯玉祥、阎锡山、李宗仁、李济深等人,以及一些部队的高级军官。由于鲍尔的作用,德国顾问团已经介入了南京国民政府的军事、训练、警察、国防工业和其他重要部门。

1930年5月,原德军参谋本部作战处处长佛采尔来华担任顾问团团长。佛采尔十分轻视国民党军队的许多高级将领,特别是旧式军人或留日出身的,认为他们“只知侈谈理论”,因而同他们关系并不融洽。而对于恃才傲物、同蒋介石不无龃龉的宋子文,佛采尔却一见如故,经常陪同宋子文参观军事设施与新建立的教导队,关系非常密切。这使蒋介石感到不满。另外,佛采尔个性倔强、脾气生硬,同其他顾问之间的关系也比较紧张。这样,佛采尔总顾问一职易人,已是势在必行。

1933年6月,“德国国防军之父”塞克特来华,并于次年被正式聘为总顾问。根据第一次世界大战的经验,塞克特向蒋指出,中国的军队不是太少,而是太多了,只是缺少训练有素的部队。中国当前应重点训练和装备10个师,置于南京政府直接管辖下。他还建议仿效德国军队中的军官团,在中国军队中建立起“教导旅”。

蒋介石对塞克特的建议十分赏识,他让塞克特享有优厚的待遇,每月薪金相当于2000美元,这是此前佛采尔月薪的3倍。蒋介石给予塞克特的地位之高、权势之大,是其他任何外国军事顾问所无法企及的。塞克特来华就职后,国民政府特设了总顾问办公厅。蒋介石曾命令参谋本部、军政部等中央军事部门都必须向塞克特全面报告有关情况。塞克特常以蒋的名义召集高级军事会议,有的时候,塞克特还代表蒋介石视察、检阅部队。

塞克特建议先整编6个师(10万人)作为和平时期的基础兵力,然后再发展成18个师。第五次“围剿”之后,陈诚提出立即整编30个师,塞克特坚决反对,向蒋介石力陈己见,甚至以提前回国相威胁。蒋介石只好同意塞克特的主张。

1935年塞克特辞职离华前夕,曾向蒋介石竭力推荐法肯豪森继任总顾问。此后,法肯豪森便成为在华德国军事顾问中地位最高的人。法肯豪森先后担任过德军军事教育和训练总监、陆军团长、步兵学校校长。

法肯豪森向蒋介石指出,一旦日本发动军事进攻,华北地区即首当其冲,同时长江流域也会遭到来自海上的日军进犯。为此,中国应将作战部队集中于徐州—郑州—武汉—南昌—南京区间。最初抵抗区务必向北推进,以沧县、保定之线为绝对防御,以黄河为最后抵抗线。长江封锁对于中部防御最关重要,江防须封锁江阴,陆防须推进至上海附近。南京为全国首都,必应固守。在华中,次以南昌、武昌作主支撑点,宜用全力固守。四川则为最后防地,应规划兵工业和发展运输。这些建议有不少经以后战争实际证明是可行的。

这一时期除了来华的众多军事顾问外,还有一位德国人的名字被历史铭记——约翰·拉贝。中日战争爆发后,拉贝作为德国西门子公司代表被派驻南京。在日本占领南京期间,拉贝担负起了“南京国际安全区委员会”的工作,利用自己的特殊身份,勇敢地保护了近20万南京难民免遭杀戮,拉贝也因此被誉为“南京的辛德勒”。

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