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揭秘:蒋介石与希特勒的分分合合

2016-03-21 14:55:17   人民网

中国战略物资交换德国军火

大批德国军事顾问来华的同时,中德之间战略物资和军火贸易也迅猛发展起来。1934年8月,中德签订《中德易货协定》,规定中国政府以砂矿和农产品换回德国的“工业产品”,德国则向中国提供重工业企业设备。1936年5月,中德签订《德华信用借款合同》,德国将向中国提供1亿马克的商业信贷,中国可用此购买德国工业品和其他产品,之后两国之间的经济往来有了很大的发展。1934-1938年5年中,德国从中国进口的钨砂(制造枪炮等必不可少的战略原料)分别为2510吨、4784吨、5091吨、8037吨和8962吨,从中国钨砂占德国进口钨砂的比例来看,1934年占57.2%,至1937年已达70.6%。除了钨砂以外,德国还从中国进口了大量的锑、锡等重金属原料。在德国重整军备的过程中,从中国获得的战略原料起了很大作用。

中德断交、宣战后,国民政府完全停止了向德国出口钨砂等战略原料。至1943年11月,德国政府经济部长施佩尔向希特勒报告说,由于钨砂进口中断,国内储量仅够10个月的使用。德国当局意识到问题的严重性,有人提议用黄金同中国交换钨砂,但以往的德国对华贸易公司早已被迫中断了同中国的业务往来。希特勒德国不得不喝下纳粹当局自己酿下的苦酒。

根据《中德易货协定》,中国方面还需向德国出口大宗农产品。这也是中方抵付进口德国军火及工业贷款的重要手段。自借款合同签署后,中国向德国提供了大批的农产品,包括蛋品644吨、芝麻6500吨、豆油850吨、棉籽油2095吨、桐油100吨、花生仁1000吨、花生油1000吨、蚕茧150吨。

南京当局还加快了从德国进口武器的步伐。1936年德国对华出口军火为640.5万马克,占德国出口军火总额的28.8%,中国成为德国军火的最大买主。根据德国外交部的一份文件,至1936年10月,德国已向中方交付价值1000万马克的军火,其中包括2300万发炮弹、6000万发反坦克炮弹、1800万发高射炮弹,以及探照灯、钢盔等;另外,已订货且将于1937年交付的军火中,有150毫米海岸防卫炮4门、88毫米海岸防卫炮4门、240门水雷、1艘布雷艇、60门野战榴弹炮,以及高射炮牵引车;1938年交付的有榴弹炮、炮艇、鱼雷快艇、高射炮等。1937年抗日战争爆发时,国民党当局已有一支8万多人全部德式装备的部队,在淞沪战场上曾作为主力使用。

1935年在德国顾问参与下,时任行政院秘书长的翁文灏主持制订了重工业发展的三年计划,该计划确定了中德合作进行的10大工业项目,有钨铁厂、钢铁厂、炼铜厂、炼油厂、中央机器厂(包括电机厂、工具机厂)、中央电工厂(包括电线厂、电话厂、电子管厂)等,德国方面除供应设备外,还负责工厂的设计、主要厂房的建筑和设备安装。

陶德曼调停无果,中德断交宣战

1937年7月7日,卢沟桥事变爆发,日本发动了全面侵华战争。德国虽和日本结盟,但又不愿日本取代德国在华利益,也不愿日本在中日战争中受损,从而失去或削弱在远东对苏联的牵制作用,因此不希望日本扩大侵华战争。10月下旬,德国外长里宾特洛甫电告驻华大使陶德曼和驻日大使狄克逊,德国愿意调停中日战争,由此揭开了陶德曼调停的序幕。

在陶德曼调停期间,日本先后三次提出所谓的和平条件如内蒙自治、华北特殊化、上海交由国际共管等,对此,德国政府不仅没有表示任何异议,反而力劝中国接受。在南京的胜利又促使日本更进一步提出令中国无法接受的条件,如中国放弃溶共和反抗日满的政策,对日满两国的防共政策予以协助,中国向日本作必要的赔偿等。

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