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揭秘:蒋介石与希特勒的分分合合

2016-03-21 14:55:17   人民网

1945年4月30日,德国首都柏林笼罩在一片硝烟火海之中。总理府花园地下室暗堡内,随着一声沉闷的枪响,希特勒自杀身亡。

一个星期以后,中国战时陪都重庆,国民党政府大礼堂内张灯结彩,蒋介石高举酒杯,向驻华美英苏军将领及大使们祝贺欧战胜利结束。

蒋介石与希特勒,第二次世界大战两大对立阵营中的风云人物,在20世纪30年代却曾有过近十年之久的友好关系,他们不仅函电往来,互致倾慕之情,更是互赠照片、战刀,以表亲善之意,中德关系由此经历了一段蜜月时期。但后来两国关系却逐渐紧张直至断交、宣战,蒋介石甚至还参与到德国内部推翻希特勒的事件之中,这一段曲折历史值得我们去探究。

蒋介石的德国情结

1927年蒋介石发动四·一二政变后,与苏俄的关系随之断绝。因急于寻找新的国际力量来填补苏联顾问撤退所留下的空缺,蒋介石把目光转向了德国。

蒋介石十分赞同学习日耳曼民族所具有的“认真、勤俭、遵纪、执着”的民族精神,认为这是针对旧中国贫穷、散漫、落后的国情,医治社会痼疾的良方。在留学日本期间,蒋介石便致力于学习德语,1912和1918年曾两次准备赴德留学。他也曾在《军声》杂志上发表文章,赞扬德国的军事教育与军事训练制度,主张中国向德国学习。他从俾斯麦的“铁血政策”中找到了精神和实践两方面的秘诀,力主将“铁血政策”作为中国的“指导原则”,促成中国社会的“军事化”。精神上的崇拜与现实的需要,使蒋介石坚定了他的联德决心。

1933年,希特勒上台,蒋介石开始直接与纳粹政府展开交往,中德关系进入蜜月期。

蒋介石一直是希特勒的崇拜者,他曾经宣称“我们需要中国的希特勒”。蒋介石认为以中国传统文化加上法西斯主义理论,就是今日中国由乱变治的法宝。为此,蒋介石效法德意志法西斯,建立了特务组织“复兴社”(由于复兴社干部均穿蓝衣黄裤,故又称“蓝衣社”),以恐怖手段来维护统治。此外,陈立夫和陈果夫的“cc系”以及“政学系”、汪精卫的“改组派”等,都不同程度地颂扬德意志法西斯的治国成绩。

登上总理宝座后,希特勒为了侵略扩张,大力发展军备工业,并将对华政策由魏玛时期的“占领中国市场”修正为“要确保从中国获得稳定的战略资料来源”,迫不急待地希望加强与中国的贸易合作。

相互的需要使两位终生都未谋面的领导人开始了超越时空的交往。1936年5月,《德华信用借款合同》签订,为此希特勒致电蒋介石,称“中德两国之间的货物互换,给予两国经济的发展以莫大的帮助 两国的密切合作也是两国人民的利益所在”。希特勒还向蒋介石赠送了德国国防军荣誉军刀、自己的照片,以表示其“敬仰钧座及贵国之微意”。蒋介石也趁希特勒生日之际,致电赞扬希特勒“对于德华两国间经济合作热心主持,使国交益敦亲睦 特致谢忱”。德国国防部长布隆堡还向蒋介石赠送三辆汽车,其中一辆与希特勒检阅军队时所乘相同,蒋介石也向德国国防部长、经济部长、航空部长等政要授勋,中德关系渐入佳境。

军事顾问来华训练军队

中德关系友好发展的一个重要标志就是大批德国军事顾问来华。1928年11月,第一位来华的鲍尔上校率领德国顾问团抵达中国。

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