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揭秘脉冲星导航:星际旅行的太空灯塔

2016-11-17 09:25:26   

脉冲星导航的实现包括设备、定时、定位和导航4个关键环节。其中,探测器的较大质量是制约脉冲星导航实现的瓶颈。经过不断改进,目前用于探测和接收脉冲星信号的太空仪器重量已经降低为25千克,具备了太空实用化的条件。

“群星闪耀”支撑空间自主导航

中国古人曾利用北斗星来辨识方向,而脉冲星可以作为人类探索宇宙的“北斗星”,为近地轨道、深空和星际飞行的航天器提供自主导航服务。

人类与脉冲星的“不解之缘”起始于1967年,英国剑桥大学Hewish教授及其学生发现了第一颗射电脉冲星。1971年,美国首次探测到脉冲星辐射的X射线信号。之后,美国于1981年提出了利用脉冲星发射的X射线信号进行地球卫星导航的构想。

但人类真正开展航天器自主导航理论研究也只有20余年的时间。1999年,搭载X射线探测器的美国空军“先进研究与全球观测卫星”发射升空并开展试验,到2004年,针对脉冲星电磁信号进行导航的可行性论证才首次完成。

目前,世界各国开展了广泛的脉冲星导航研究工作。2004年,美国国防部高级研究计划局正式开展“X射线自主导航定位验证”计划,该计划旨在构建可用于太阳系范围内太空飞行导航的脉冲星网络,以满足未来航天任务长时间、高精度和自主导航的应用需求。为克服全球卫星导航系统的脆弱性,进一步降低航空飞行成本,欧盟也开始了由荷兰航空航天实验室牵头的“脉冲星飞机”项目。此外,俄罗斯、德国、英国、印度、日本和澳大利亚也纷纷开展了X射线脉冲星导航技术研究与试验工作。

“太空灯塔”照亮飞天梦想

脉冲星导航是实现航天器长时间高精度自主导航的可行途径,具有传统导航技术无法比拟的绝对优势。它可同时为航天器提供位置、速度、姿态和时间等导航信息,实现了传统导航技术的“集大成”。

目前,人类已经发现的脉冲星数量多达2500颗,其中有140多颗脉冲星具备良好的X射线周期辐射特性,是未来脉冲星导航家族的“备选明星”。未来,利用脉冲星发射的X射线也可以用于现有卫星导航系统定轨、定时等精度的提高。

事实上,现有的脉冲星导航实际应用仍面临一系列技术问题。作为脉冲星导航系统的“千里眼”,X射线探测器通过测量光子到达时间以实现X射线光子数的精确测量,需要兼顾时间精度、分辨能力、探测区域和系统质量等诸多方面,是脉冲星导航系统亟待突破的重要方向。此外,大尺度时空基准的建立与维持、脉冲到达时间转换模型的构建、星载时钟的时间保持度和自主导航算法容错处理等都是需要重点研究的方向。

一旦依靠脉冲星的自主导航发展成熟,将可大幅度减少地面导航测量设备数量和系统耗费程度,进一步提高航天飞行经济性、安全性和稳定性。人类飞向深空,终究不是梦。

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