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中国强起来的“最后一公里”需跨越“三大陷阱”

2016-09-09 11:25:17   国际先驱导报网络版 陶德言

世界老二不好当,这是普遍规律。当年苏联是世界老二,美国用冷战就把苏联搞解体了。当年日本是世界老二,美国用一个“广场协议”就让日本经济发展长期陷入停滞。欧元区如果真正建成统一经济体,就成为世界老二,但是美国不会甘心,欧元区危机背后也有美元与欧元争霸的影子。中国能否打破“世界老二”的魔咒?这也是一个世界性难题。

如今,中国经济总量已稳居世界第二大经济体地位,成为名副其实的世界老二。中国比历史上任何时期都更接近于世界舞台的中心。随着中国的世界大国地位从假设变为现实,“修昔底德陷阱”就成了一个现实问题。尤其是美国实施亚太再平衡战略后,开始从政治、外交、经济、军事诸方面加快重返亚太步伐,围堵中国的态势愈来愈明显。美国一旦视中国为最大的战略对手,重返亚太的步伐就不会放慢,而且只会加快。因此,对中国来说,来自亚太地区的战略压力会越来越大。

从目前来讲,海洋是中国崛起面临的最大障碍,“三海联动”已成中国最大的挑战。一个是台海问题,祖国不统一,中国谈何崛起?另一个是东海问题,钓鱼岛争端不解决,日本怎么会心甘情愿做“亚洲老二”?再一个是南海问题,这是中国与东南亚声索国之间的问题,但背后实际上是中美在亚太间的较量与博弈。中国要崛起,有许多坎是绕不过去的,必须跨过去。破解美国的大围堵,中国要有大战略。中国提出建立中美“新型大国关系”,这是我国的战略设想,但美国一直没有正面回应,因为中美之间不仅存在认知差异,而且还存在结构性矛盾。有的学者认为,中美正陷入外交上的“囚徒困境”。美国总统奥巴马多次强调,“美国绝不当世界老二”,“世界规则必须由美国来书写,不能让中国来制定”。“世界老大”的战略焦虑感可见一斑。中国和平崛起之路不会一帆风顺。

因此,中国要打破“修昔底德陷阱”,必须有两手准备,“我们不惹事,也不怕事”。首先,我们不惹事。中国向世界郑重宣告:中国将坚定不移地走和平发展道路。中国走和平发展道路,不是权宜之计,更不是外交辞令,而是从历史、现实、未来的客观判断中得出的结论。和平发展道路对中国有利、对世界有利。习近平主席在法国演讲时用生动的比喻告诉世界:中国这头睡狮醒了,但中国要做一只“和平的、可亲的、文明的”醒狮。中国虽然实力大增,但世界不必畏惧。习近平主席在德国演讲时告诉世界:“中国需要和平,就像人需要空气一样,就像万物生长需要阳光一样。”中国不认同“国强必霸”的陈旧逻辑。当今世界,殖民主义、霸权主义的老路不仅走不通,而且一定会碰得头破血流。中国梦是和平、发展、合作、共赢的梦。其次,我们也不怕事。我们要拓展和深化军事斗争的准备,要提高打赢局部战争的能力,同时要致力建设海洋强国。要强国梦,必须要强军梦。中国史无前例的军改大幕已经拉开,改革强军、创新强军的号角已经吹响,“能打仗、打胜仗”已成为中国军队的新口号。这是一场整体性、革命性的变革,对中国军队必将产生空前的影响。

的确,中国的发展又到了一个新的历史转折点,开始从“富起来”走向“强起来”。我们要实现中国梦,注定不会太轻松,甚至还要经受新的曲折与磨难。一个占人类1/5人口的大国的崛起,是具有全人类意义的伟大事业,它的内在难度与外部冲击都将是前所未有的。各种形势表明,中国已进入崛起进程中的最艰难时刻,面临“三大陷阱”的严峻挑战。中国要跨越“三大陷阱”,真正“强起来”,这不是一个自然发展的过程,而是需要我们冷静而理性的战略抉择。(本文是作者为《强国策:跨越“中等收入陷阱”》《强国策:跨越“修昔底德陷阱”》所作的绪论,发表时有删节)

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