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中核在老挝发现超大型战略矿:破中国困境影响全球

2016-08-30 10:37:38   观察者网

农业是中国国民经济的基础,国内粮食总产量已连续十年增长,据国家统计局公布的数字显示,截止2015年底,中国粮食总产量已达到12428.7 亿斤,与2014年同比增加2.4%。但产量增加的背后,却是无法忽视的耕地肥力下降风险。目前中国耕地基础地力对粮食产量的贡献率仅为50%左右,主要原因是施肥不足及比例不合理引起的土壤板结化严重,只有通过使用化肥提高耕地基础地力,才能增加粮食产量,确保粮食安全。

作为钾肥的主要原料,钾盐一直是中国最为紧缺的战略性矿产资源之一。2015年世界钾盐钾肥大会发布的信息显示,随着近年来国内盐湖钾盐开发工业的快速发展,中国国产钾肥的供应能力已显著提高,自给率达到50%。即便如此,资源供需不平衡问题仍然突出,中国钾肥对外依存度依然保持在50%左右,每年仍需要进口约600万—700万吨钾肥。

亚洲钾盐公司的负责人称,“中国以往进口的主要来源是俄罗斯、加拿大等国,但中国的邻国老挝却是东南亚地区的钾肥生产中心,钾盐矿储量也十分丰富。”值得关注的是,老挝处于“一带一路”的沿线上,特殊的地理位置决定了其在中国未来地缘政治角力中将起到特别的作用。“老挝地处亚洲中心位置,如果该矿区能顺利获得产出并投入钾肥生产,将大大减少中国进口钾肥的花费和时间成本,在满足国内钾肥需求的同时,也能促进东南亚工农业及经济发展。”

2016年4月12日 ,中国石化产业发展大会发布了《中国钾肥工业“十三五”发展规划》,规划中也鼓励企业在“一带一路”发展战略引导下“走出去”,开发利用境外钾盐矿资源,争取在世界钾盐行业的话语权。

与已被境外大公司“瓜分”资源的传统钾盐产量大国相比,老挝更适合作为中国企业“走出去”的目的地。目前有10家外资企业在该国进行勘探与开采,其中9家来自中国。老挝的局势相对稳定,投资环境良好, 一旦未来中国至老挝国际铁路建成,就意味着中老两国最为便捷的陆路运输通道已经搭建完成,老挝也将成为中国在海外最大的钾肥供给基地。

影响全球行业格局

全球钾肥供需格局长期以来存在严重不对称现象,世界上有超过150个国家消费钾肥,但钾盐资源分布的高度集中,只有包括加拿大、俄罗斯、白俄罗斯等十几个国家生产钾肥,造就了行业巨无霸的出现。

北美钾肥销售联盟(Canpotex)和白俄罗斯钾肥联盟(Belarus Potash Corporation,BPC)两大联盟控制了全球60%-70%的产能,导致国际钾肥贸易的定价权一直牢牢掌握在这些寡头垄断组织手中。两大联盟制定了国际钾肥贸易的游戏规则,并对不同区域市场采取不同价格来获取超额利润,比如完全同质的氯化钾,东南亚的价格要高于印度的价格。

2013年,乌拉尔钾肥公司退出BPC联盟,导致钾肥行业出现大震荡。其后虽然钾肥价格下降至近十年来最低水平,但有业内人士认为,与其说是竞争加剧,不如说是剩余的企业主动以低价格营造行业壁垒,进一步阻击新兴资本进入钾矿开采市场。另一方面,由于过去新开发的钾盐矿在储量、资源埋藏深度和采矿难度等资源禀赋方面始终无法与已存在的大型钾矿开采企业相提并论,也只能默默接受既定的市场规则。

但是,本次在老挝的矿区局部详查所控制的矿体无论在资源储量总量、采矿难度、矿体厚度还是平均品位方面,都不逊于、甚至优于俄罗斯和加拿大的钾矿资源,有可能打破东南亚甚至全球市场上由几家大型企业掌控定价格局。亚洲钾盐公司此项目的负责人说,“基础储量超过3亿吨的万象钾矿一方面可反哺国内市场的需求,同时满足东南亚工农业发展的需求;另一方面也有望使企业在未来像加钾、俄钾一样,真正获得产品定价权,并形成三足鼎力的格局。”

责任编辑:张海潮
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