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专家:开采白云鄂博稀土时 别把潜在的核燃料丢了

2016-08-11 10:39:41   贺梨萍 澎湃新闻

据澎湃新闻8月10日报道,谈到白云鄂博矿钍资源的现状,“别把孩子和洗澡水一起倒掉”这句话再合适不过。抛除“铀的超级替补”这一概念光环,核燃料钍资源在现实中却是以废渣形式存在于尾矿坝。

位于内蒙古包头的白云鄂博多元素共生矿因富含稀土及钍资源而备受关注。然而,白云鄂博矿长期作为铁矿开采,稀土及钍资源利用率低下。11年前,稀土利用率不到10%,钍利用率为0%。目前,稀土因行业整合力度加强有所好转,但钍资源依然“沉睡”。

2009年6月25日,内蒙古白云鄂博稀土矿区(资料图)

原包钢集团总工程师、教授级高工马鹏起在接受澎湃新闻采访时表示,“白云鄂博矿中的钍资源,目前为止仍然没有得到任何回收”。据马鹏起介绍,2005年,徐光宪等院士的关注给钍资源带来一定的关注度,但仅仅止步于中国科学院系统对钍资源开发、应用研究的立项,“国家层面并没有任何政策和态度”。

钍最大的价值在于作为核燃料铀的超级替代品。不同于铀-235的裂变,钍需要在中子轰击的情况下,才能转换成铀-233再使用,被称为钍-铀核燃料循环。

相比于铀,钍的优势在于资源丰富。自然界中铀-235蕴藏量仅占铀蕴藏总量的0.71%,其余大部分是不能裂变的铀-238,占99.2%。而中国作为贫铀国家,铀的储量仅占世界的1/40。随着中国核电规模日益扩大,中国核电企业正在开启全球寻找铀矿的路线,以确保铀资源供应的稳定。不同于铀的紧俏,钍在地壳中的探明储量约为铀的3至4倍,尤其在中国,钍铀储量之比约为6:1,已探明的钍工业储备量约为28万吨,仅次于印度,居全球第二。

白云鄂博矿区(资料图)

2005年,由中国“稀土之父”徐光宪、师昌绪、王淀佐等共14位两院院士联合提出《关于保护白云鄂博矿钍和稀土资源,避免黄河和包头受放射性污染的紧急呼吁》(下称“《紧急呼吁》”),其中提到建议加强中国钍资源的保护和利用。此后,中国科学院上海应用研究所、长春应用化学研究所等科研单位分别就钍资源的提取、应用展开研究。

此前有专家表示,“第四代核电的定义为经济上有竞争力,投资比小于每千瓦一千美元,发电成本低于每度电3美分,建设初期尽量减少核废物的产生,防止核扩散。我们国家今年启动了钍基熔盐堆核能系统(TMSR),攻克了关键核能技术”。中国科学院将TMSR作为首批战略性先导专项之一,“先导专项”则定位于解决关系国家全局和长远发展的重大科技问题。

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