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美下代轰炸机威胁台海南海 渗透北京上空纯属瞎吹

2016-03-16 10:40:45   中国航空报

B-21的技术优势

作为新一代轰炸机,拥有的新技能必然是它身上的亮点。B-21的亮点是什么呢?笔者总结如下:

1. 系统簇成员

“系统簇”这个词是美国空军全球打击司令部在2014年战略总规划中提出的。战略总规划里对“系统簇”(family of systems)定义“为了特定的任务使命而集成起来的松耦合的复杂自适应系统”。整个系统族还包括情监侦部分、电子攻击部分、指挥控制通信部分。

从这段解释中就能看出,B-21与以往的轰炸机已有很大不同,它是整个打击系统中的一部分,更强调体系作战。由于在多种航空武器装备作战体系中涉及作战要素、武器种类,作战平台众多,战术、技术结合紧密,约束条件复杂,相互耦合,要提高体系作战能力,必须依赖任务规划技术将信息获取、处理、共享全面融入体系作战过程中,通过一体化的多型武器作战任务规划、作战资源调度与作战过程控制,将不同种类武器和作战平台的作战能力进行综合集成,实现作战效能的整体跃升。现今的作战装备已不是“单打独斗闯天下”的时代了,体系作战讲究分工合作,各司其职。而B-21在这个系统簇中也将与其他成员互动配合,协力完成战斗任务。

2. 全向隐身

美军现役的轰炸机里有75架B-52H、68架B-1B和20架B-2A。B-52H和B-1B因不具备隐身能力,在面对S-300、S-400、HQ-9等先进防空系统时,基本已经没有了招架之功,因此这两型机已被美军禁止渗透高威慑空域。具备渗透能力的B-2A数量上也仅有20架,而且受后勤支持、维护等因素限制,加之高昂的价格(成本价约7亿美元,分摊研制成本每架约22亿美元)也迫使美军不愿让B-2轻易涉险。但是美军作战目标就是高风险的亚太地区,所以隐身还是必备条件。

说到隐身,还是让我们回到已服役B-2上来。B-2的确是现役最好的隐身轰炸机,这毫无异议。但是,世事无绝对,B-2也不是全时全向隐身的。读者可多留意B-2一些飞行时的照片,由于B-2的飞翼布局,它是没有垂尾的。B-2的转向就由机翼外段后缘的减速板-方向舵实现偏航控制,减速板-方向舵可向上下两侧开裂,同时开裂作为减速板,不对称开裂时作为方向舵使用。由于飞翼表面的附面层的存在,减速板-方向舵至少要开裂5度以上才能起到作用。所以在正常飞行中,两侧的减速板-方向舵都处于5度的张开位置,当需要进行控制时就立即可以起作用,这也是为什么我们看到的许多B-2飞行照片中减速板-方向舵都是张开的原因。但是张开的减速板-方向舵会影响飞机的隐身效果,特别是后向隐身。尽管B-2在抵达战区时,减速板-方向舵会完全闭合,但是因为并非全时全向隐身的问题,美空军应该没有足够的信心B-2在抵达战区之前能不被发现。

这次B-21提出要全向隐身,就是要解决B-2身上存在的隐患。估计B-21很大可能将从发动机的矢量推力入手,解决飞翼构型隐身一些特有问题。这个观点或许可以从一条消息中得到间接印证,3月7日,美国空军部长黛博拉·李·詹姆斯宣布了B-21的7家承包商,B-21的发动机提供商确定是为F-22提供F119矢量发动机的普惠公司,而不是B-2轰炸机的发动机提供商通用电气。通用电气的这次出局很大原因应该是在矢量推力的技术储备上远没有普惠雄厚。同时根据美国空军2015年9月透露的消息,得益于采用先进材料,B-21的隐身能力“比B-2A好很多”。在公布7家承包商名单之中,GKN航空航天公司是复合材料研究制造领域的领军企业,由此推断B-21机身可能会采用大量复合材料以实现更高的隐身性能。

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