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美军舰在南海"划圈":将会选择中国哪些岛礁?

2016-03-07 10:06:29   观察者网

在这里必须指出,中国对外国军舰“无害通过”的限制并没有违背公约。在公约第25条中规定,沿海国可以在其领海内采取必要的步骤以防止非无害通过。只要不是在外国军舰完成“无害化”后仍拒绝其通过,中国要求事先批准的国内法就并没有在事实上损害“无害通过”和航行自由。因此《中国领海及毗连区法》并没有与公约发生冲突。然而美国将中国等国家制定的事先批准程序,单方面地解释为对航行自由的限制,并出动军事船舶故意违反中国的国内法律而进入中国的领海。中国西沙群岛的中建岛事件,就属于这一类行动的范畴。而且根据已经公开的实施记录,从2011年开始这一类“执法”行动成为美国FON项目军事宣示的重点之一。在未来的一年内,美国很有可能再次在南海方向上挑战中国的《领海及毗连区法》关于“无害通过”的规定。

由此可以推断,美国将可能继续派出军舰在中国控制下的南海岛屿和礁石12海里区内实施“无害通过”(这里特别要强调是那些自然形成的岛屿和礁石,而不是之前并非岛屿、经人工吹填等方式形成的人工岛)。根据中建岛事件的经验,那些面积较大、其他国家提出领土争议、进行过或正在进行人工加固作业的南海岛礁,将有可能成为美国重点“照顾”的目标。

在这种情况下,中国的海上部门完全可以依照《领海及毗连区法》第十条,“令其立即离开领海”,对所造成的损失或者损害要求其自己负责。更进一步的,中国也可以依照美国的标准如法炮制,定期“无害通过”美国的领海区域。实际上,去年9月份中国海军的五艘军舰在阿拉斯加海域已经进行过这样的实践。这种反制措施既可行,风险也较低。当然,从根本上解决这一冲突的方法,仍然是依靠中美两国海上部门的协商,建立起类似“中美海空相遇安全行为准则”的双边机制,以取代现有较为模糊、操作性有缺陷的《中美海上军事安全磋商协定》。

美国南海“执法”的选项之二:通过“低潮高地”12海里区域

美国在渚碧礁的行动则属于另外一类:以常规武装状态通过中国控制的“低潮高地”12海里区域内。我们知道,外国军舰经一国领海的无害通过需要“无害化”,即停止一切军事功能,然而在非领海的海域无须遵循这项规定。因此一国军舰通过一片水域,如果实施无害通过,实际上可以视为军舰所属国的一个态度:这片水域是属于某个国家的领海。当然,反之就是表示这片水域并不是某个国家的领海。

与这个问题密切相关的概念是低潮高地。岛屿和礁石在高潮和低潮时都是露出水面的,然而低潮高地仅在低潮时露出水面,在高潮时则没入水中。这个区别在法律上有着重要意义:岛屿和礁石周边拥有12海里宽度的领海;公约第13条规定,低潮高地若在大陆或岛屿的12海里之内,则低潮高地周边的12海里也是领海;反之,则没有领海;人工建造的岛屿是没有领海的。在南海地区,这种岛屿、礁石和低潮高地相间分布、距离不一的地理条件,就给美国的“执法”行动创造了条件。

具体到渚碧礁的案例中,作为一个低潮高地的渚碧礁处在一个地理和法律上非常模糊的位置。从地理位置上看,渚碧礁距离最近的中国岛屿中业岛有12.42海里,距离最近的铁线礁则不到12海里。因此根据公约,它周边拥有领海的法律依据并不充足。美国出动“拉森”号驱逐舰执行FON项目的军事宣示行动,原计划以常规状态(即非无害通过)进入渚碧礁的12海里区域内:这种行动就表达了“美国否定中国在渚碧礁周围有领海”的外交态度,或是释放了这样一种外交信号。这将迫使中国在渚碧礁以及类似岛屿、礁石和低潮高地的法律地位问题上表态,从而处于进退两难的地步:进,明确它们的法律地位,则与法理上找不到充足的证据,同时将丧失中国“模糊立场”的外交空间;退,不作声张,忍气吞声,将有可能鼓励美国及其盟国进一步的外交行动,使南海问题进一步复杂化。

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