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美军舰在南海"划圈":将会选择中国哪些岛礁?

2016-03-07 10:06:29   观察者网

根据美国的年度报告,自2007年开始至今,中国每年都会登上FON项目的被“执法”名单。具体来说,中国的“过度海洋主张”大致可分为三类:对其专属经济区的航行自由施加限制;在并非其领海或与临近国家权利重合的地区进行非法的考察或建设活动;限制外国军舰、潜艇或飞机对其领海的无害通过,要求事先通报。其中和我国的南海岛礁有关的,主要是后两者。针对这两者,美国FON项目的军事宣示行动主要有两种形式:以所谓“无害通过”的方式经过我国控制岩礁的12海里海区;以常规状态通过我国控制的低潮高地(人工岛)的12海里海区。第一个挑战的是我国关于“外国军舰飞机通过我领海须获许可”的国内法,第二个挑战的则是我国对南海的低潮高地是否有领海的主权宣示。在之后的部分我们将具体讨论这两点。

总体来看,美国针对南海的FON项目,特别是军事宣示行动,虽然是打着“维护《联合国海洋法公约》”的法律旗号,但始终是一个具有浓厚霸权主义色彩的政治行为。在这里且不讨论美国的法律依据是否充分,从其行动程序中就可以管中窥豹。一方面,美国在并未批准公约的情况下,就单方面宣称负有维护公约的义务,将自己摆在执法者的位置上来判断诸如“历史性水域”之类的法律问题;另一方面,国际社会对于“无害通过”等国际海洋法的问题并未达成一致意见,然而美国却将自己的意见凌驾于其他国家之上,在有关国家的国内法与公约未发生明确冲突的情况下,擅自挑战这些国家的国内法。这些都损害而非促进了航行自由,更不利于国际海洋的安全。

美国南海“执法”的选项之一:“无害通过”

1982年制定的《联合国海洋法公约》是当代国际海洋法的基本框架。它将过去许多国际习惯法转变成为了更加清晰和明确的成文公约。这是一项伟大的历史进步,但同时也是发达国家和发展中国家相互妥协的产物。因此在许多具体条款和签署通过等问题上,仍有许多待明确和协商的争议。这就给美国的“航行自由行动”提供了所谓的法律旗号。美国根据自己的利益诉求来解释公约,对其他国家并未明确与公约抵牾的行为进行“执法”。特别是当美国与该国的关系发生紧张乃至冲突时,FON项目就会成为一个披着“法律”外衣的政治工具。如今,随着美国实施“亚太再平衡”战略、介入南海事务,与中国的冲突越来越多,中国就日益成为了“阻碍国际航行自由”的“违法者”和“执法对象”。

如前文所述,美国FON项目中军事宣示所挑战的第一个对象,是中国关于领海内外国军事船舶及飞机“无害通过”的国内法律规定。“无害通过”是一项古老的海洋法权利,于1982年被正式写入《联合国海洋法公约》中。根据公约第二部分第三节,在不损害沿海国的和平、良好秩序或安全的情况下,外国船舶可以“迅速地和连续不停地通过沿海国的领海而无需事先通知或取得沿海国的许可”。然而这里只对“外国船舶”作了总体的规定,并没有区分军事船舶和民用船舶。因此在军舰是否有无害通过权的问题上,各国就产生了分歧。美国主张军舰只要满足公约第18条的规定,完全停止一切军事功能(如停止火控雷达运转)而只保留航行能力,就可以在不通知沿海国的情况下实施“无害通过”。中国等20多个国家则主张,军事船舶的“无害通过”需要预先批准和通知,并制定了相应的国内法。

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