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近日,笔者翻查了这部1879年出版的《中国海航行指南》第二卷,内中第67页还提到中业岛 (THI-TUREEFS and ISLAND) 及其周边岛礁有中国渔民活动。该《指南》描述:“中业岛North Danger Reef水域有两个沙洲,两个沙洲附近经常遇到来自海南岛的中国渔民(Chinese fishermen from Hainan)在哪里采集海参、龟壳等水产。他们从东北部一个沙洲中心的水井取水。”但《指南》却完全没有提到菲律宾渔民。中业岛目前被菲律宾占据。而且,该《指南》还提到,南沙群岛部分岛礁的英文名称,其实来自海南岛渔民,比如英文称Lan-keeam Cay,即源于海南人说的兰甘沙洲,而不是源于菲律宾的命名。
此外,1879年版的《中国海航行指南》第二卷第383、384页有关海南岛的章节,还记录了中国渔民曾经常年居住在南沙岛礁之上,他们“在中国海(China Sea)的东南部,在数量众多的沙堤与暗礁之间捞捕海参,并将海龟与鱼翅晒干”;“他们的航程在3月开始,首先抵达北边的浅滩,放下一两位船员,以及数罐淡水,然后继续航程,前往婆罗洲(Borneo)附近较大的暗礁继续捞捕,直至6月初返航,顺路接走先前放下的伙伴及其捕获的海产。在中国海,我们在岛礁之间遇到不少这些渔船。”
关于他们遇到的这些来自海南的渔船,该《指南》还引述1817年丹尼·罗斯(Daniel Ross)船长的评价,认为这些海南渔船不仅十分结实,而且航速快捷:“海南岛有不少渔船,使用硬木、重木建造,与中国其他使用冷杉建造的船不一样,航速很快。”不少渔船每年出海远航长达两个月,到离老家700至800英哩的地方,主要是在中国海的东南部即南沙群岛捞捕海产。
从上述英国海军档案的记载来看,海南渔民在南沙群岛已经从季节性的捞捕发展成为常年的生产开发活动,由于生产开发的需要,他们的生活状况也从临时性的居住发展为在部分岛礁上长期定居,并因此与海南岛建立起定期的贸易关系。除了渔民之外,还有商人也穿梭往来于南沙群岛,从事商业贸易活动。由于当时并不存在南中国海主权争夺,因此,英国海军档案的记载正好以独立第三者的身份,印证了中国史料的记载和千百年来中国渔民的口头传述,从而有力地证明中国对南沙群岛及其附近海域拥有无可争辩的主权。(作者是香港亚太研究中心主任)
责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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