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美:中美打响射程战 中国撒手锏射程三倍DF-21D

2014-07-28 10:02:41   环球网

谁是“射程战”的赢家?

五角大楼的“空海战”概念旨在针对中国及其他潜在敌对者正在发展的远程反介入能力做出协调一致的回应。据信这种概念主要依靠直接的军事行动阻止敌对者的反介入军事能力。就中国而言,批评者认为“空海战”概念是不连贯的,有可能会导致冲突发生危险的升级。作为一种替代方案,他们建议美国海军力量在中国武器射程范围外对中国执行远距离封锁。

然而,目前中美之间的“射程战”对两种概念都产生了影响。中国武器装备打击半径超出美国能力越多,“空海战”概念的执行就越具挑战性。不过,随着中国对美国战舰的威胁半径超出印度尼西亚,深入印度洋,并进入中太平洋,对中国进行远距离封锁的战略会变得越来越脆弱。在中国导弹的打击半径下,美国海军再也不能利用印度尼西亚的海峡控制往来中国的商船。随着中国导弹射程的增加,美国必须巡逻的封锁半径的长度也会大大延长,这有可能会使对华封锁线出现更多漏洞。

对于美国而言,“射程战”竞争越来越昂贵。从就地理位置来看,中国战斗机可从其境内众多基地起飞,而美国在西太平洋仅拥有少量基地,所有这些基地都容易受到中国导弹袭击。与美国的舰载战斗机相比,中国陆基战斗机将享有大小、航程及有效载荷优势。美国空军在太平洋的前线战术空军基地非常脆弱,所以其已经把新型远程轰炸机项目列为采购列表中的优先事项。虽然新型轰炸机将基于成熟技术,但据估计该项目的总成本将达到550亿美元。不过,与美国海军的航母舰载空中监视与打击无人机项目相比,新型远程轰炸机的成本还是相对低廉。

中国能够设计并大规模生产相对廉价的战区弹道导弹及巡航导弹,因些享有极大的成本优势。然而,1987年《中程核力量(INF)条约》禁止美国和俄罗斯拥有这样的武器,而中国则完全不受约束。只要《中程核力量条约》仍然有效,美国就无法利用最廉价、最简单的方法维持其在亚太地区的威慑力。尽管事态越来越危险,但美国军事规划者不得不被迫研制昂贵的新型远程轰炸机及航母舰载空中监视与打击无人机。

在发现自己处于成本劣势时,美国决策者会考虑放弃在太平洋的“射程战”吗?放弃不是一种负责任的选择。日本、印度、印度尼西亚、越南以及除俄罗斯之外的所有其他地区国家,都不受《中程核力量条约》限制。导弹扩散壁垒相对较低,如果美国放弃亚太地区,中国周边国家采购廉价而有效的导弹系统的动机就会很高。这样一来,多方地区导弹竞赛就会成为军备控制倡导国的噩梦。更糟糕的是,这种竞赛会发生在世界上最具活动的经济地区,美国数以百万计的就业岗位会因此受到威胁。然而,如果美国放弃其长期以来一直成功发挥的地区稳定作用,那么可以预见就很可能会发生这种结果。美国决策者需要密切关注正在太平洋上演的“射程战”,考虑一些新的、更好的战斗方法。(知远/北风)

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