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金日成如何走上权力顶峰?

2016-04-14 09:11:59   二十一世纪 沈志华

7月30日,劳动党中央召开了一次干部会议,中央各部负责人及一些内阁成员出席。朴金哲和朴正爱分别在会上发言,内容大体相同。他们首先承认在劳动党内确实存在着对金日成的个人崇拜的现象,党在干部任免工作中也犯了一些错误。但他们一致认为,对金的崇拜并不像苏联对斯大林的崇拜那样已经发展到危险地步,而且党目前正在采取措施准备纠正错误。所以,对于个人崇拜的问题没有必要进行全面讨论,领袖和党不会允许出现任何可能削弱党的力量的分裂行为。他们在发言中还透露,实际上对于苏籍朝鲜干部的打击主要来自“延安派”干部;苏共领导人不会干预劳动党的行动{14}。这两个明显是金授意发表的讲话,自然是为了安抚受到排挤的“苏联派”干部,以分化反对派的队伍,同时也告诫那些不安分的人不要轻举妄动,莫斯科是不会支持他们的。为此,8月1日的《劳动新闻》还发表了长篇社论,中心意思是个人崇拜应该受到批判,但必须在党的领导下有序地进行,以免被阶级敌人所利用{15}。

二金日成部署反击

为了控制局面,金日成还采取了两项措施:第一,要求正在苏联的内务相方学世迅速回国,采取措施防止可能发生的紧急状况;第二,推迟召开原计划于1956年8月2日举行的中央全会,以便做好更充分的准备。随后,金日成、金一、崔庸健和朴正爱分别找朴昌玉、崔昌益和金枓奉谈话,了解他们的意图。

伊万诺夫(В.И.Иванов)大使从苏联返回平壤后,8月6至8日,金日成、南日和朴正爱相继要求会见,汇报情况。根据他们的报告,反对派的成员有金枓奉、崔昌益、徐辉、高峰起、李弼奎、尹公钦、金承化和朴昌玉,而将受到攻击的人有金日成、朴正爱、郑一龙、朴金哲和金昌满等。他们在谈话中承认工作有错误,并愿意承担责任。金日成甚至对金枓奉说,为了党的利益,如果需要的话,他准备辞去领导职务。但是,金枓奉、崔昌益坚持要他罢免朴正爱、朴金哲、郑一龙、金昌满、郑准泽等人的领导职务。朴正爱还指出,所有对党的不满和指责都是崔昌益鼓动的,背后的活动也是他一手策划的;金枓奉与崔昌益的老朋友朴昌玉也参与进来。金承化则充当崔昌益与其他反对派成员内部之间的联络人,中央已决定调他去莫斯科学习。在谈话的最后,伊万诺夫根据8月2日莫斯科来电的指示精神,分别对金日成、南日和朴正爱发表了内容大致相同的看法:劳动党目前最主要的任务是勇敢地、坚持原则地揭露党的领导层工作中的失误,主动地开展批评,正确地分析那些不满意见产生的客观原因,采取切实的措施在实际工作中逐步弥补不足,从而巩固党的领导地位。与此同时,对那些揭露问题、提出意见的干部不能进行压制,更不能采取党纪处分的手段,以免激化矛盾,使党陷入更加危险的境地。伊万诺夫在日记中写到:与金日成的会谈表明,他对劳动党内部存在的不满情绪感到忧虑,并清楚地意识到这种不满情绪有着深刻的根源:“我认为,朝鲜朋友在全会开幕全面讨论前采取措施以取得中央常委会在这些问题上观点统一的做法是正确的,因为只有这样,此次全会才能够在更广泛和更健康的党的基础上讨论朝鲜劳动党领导层的所有失误,并采取措施制订出清晰、明确的清除这些错误的行动计划。”{16}从伊万诺夫的日记可见,此时金日成已经取得苏联的支持;尽管督促他采取主动态度承认错误、改正错误,但莫斯科明显不希望看到劳动党领导层出现不稳定的局面。

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