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金日成如何走上权力顶峰?
2016-04-14 09:11:59 二十一世纪 沈志华
从1956年4至5月对金日成 抵制苏共二十大路线的极度不满,到8月初对劳动党稳定局势种种措施的明确支持,莫斯科的态度发生了很大转变。这种转变并不是因为对金的看法有了新的认识,而是受到了苏联及社会主义阵营内部因素的影响。4月5日,面对赫鲁晓夫(Н. С. Хрущев)“秘密报告”引发的冲击,中共中央政治局发表了长篇理论文章〈关于无产阶级专政的历史经验〉,既肯定了苏共二十大的历史功绩,特别是揭露个人崇拜问题的勇气,又明确主张对斯大林的功过应该作三七开评价,承认他还是一个伟大的马克思主义者。其目的就是替赫鲁晓夫“补台”,消除社会主义阵营内部思想混乱的局面{17}。苏共对此很重视,专门印发了二十万册单行本,让党员干部学习{18}。6月28日,波兹南爆发群众游行和工人罢工,波兰政府采取了武力镇压的措施。事件虽然平息下去,但在社会主义各国引起很大反响,也令苏联领导人感到十分担忧{19}。6月30日,苏共中央做出〈关于个人崇拜及其后果的决议〉,强调在批判个人崇拜错误的同时,必须坚持社会主义制度和道路,基本接受了中共的理论观点{20}。7月12日,面对匈牙利因“波兹南事件”引发的党内危机和抗议活动,苏共中央主席团不得不决定逼迫匈牙利劳动人民党总书记拉科西(Mátyás Rákosi)“退休”,以平息党内外的“激昂情绪”{21}。在如此多事之秋,莫斯科自然不希望再看到社会主义的东方发生危机和动乱。金日成又一次受到命运之神的眷顾。
8月13日,伊万诺夫主动拜访金日成,向他介绍了刚收到的苏共中央来信的内容,主要是关于苏共二十大决议讨论和执行的情况。金在会谈中表示,经过他详细了解情况后发现,党内对领导层不满的只是个别人,其中起主要作用的是徐辉。在言谈中,金日成也流露出对金枓奉的不满。伊万诺夫注意到,金日成和南日对莫斯科来信中谴责苏共党内个别反党言论的内容颇感兴趣,金尤其感到满意的是信中的结论及相关内容,即“党内民主不应被用来作为工具以达到损害党、破坏和削弱党的纪律的目的,不应被用来传播对党的领导层及其机关和骨干不信任的情绪和言论”{22}。在这次会谈以后,金立即在朝鲜党内传达了这些信息{23}。劳动党内的局势也逐渐明朗了,金完全掌握了主动权,并充满了胜利的信心。
8月18日,金日成召集中央常委会,通报了苏共中央来信的内容,暗示苏联对批判个人崇拜的态度已有所改变。崔昌益的反应强烈,情绪有些激动;金枓奉发言比较克制,只是希望中央常委会召开特别会议讨论党内问题。听了南日关于上述内容的通报后,伊万诺夫建议他应深刻领会苏共中央来信的指示精神,端正对批评者的态度。劳动党中央应该主动把问题摆出来,揭露错误,开展批评,找到产生错误的原因,而不要本末倒置,把主要精力用来调查反对派的活动{24}。
责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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