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金日成如何走上权力顶峰?
2016-04-14 09:11:59 二十一世纪 沈志华
随后几天,反对派的活动紧锣密鼓地展开了。7月21日,朴昌玉告诉苏联参赞菲拉托夫(С. Н. Филатов),在下一次中央全会上,将对金日成 进行集中批评{7}。7月23日,崔昌益拜访苏联使馆,也通知菲拉托夫,“在未来的中央全体会议上金日成将会受到尖锐批评”{8}。7月24日,金承化告诉菲拉托夫,他最近两次与“延安派”的精神领袖、最高人民会议议长金枓奉谈话,询问他对在中央全会批评金日成一事的看法。金枓奉表示很高兴看到这样的行动,因为金日成不想改正自己的错误;但他认为很少人会下决心反对金日成{9}。关于这些情况,后来逃亡中国的职业联盟委员长徐辉等人向中共中央报告说,金日成回国后不久,菲拉托夫曾通过金承化与崔昌益、李弼奎、徐辉、尹公钦等人见面,表示同意他们的观点和做法,甚至说“为了消除朝鲜劳动党内的个人崇拜及党的工作中的严重缺点,必须要很好地组织斗争”,并把苏共中央主席团在莫斯科与金日成会谈的内容以及金已承认错误的情况透露给他们。徐辉等人在报告中说,“我们很受鼓舞”,因为没有兄弟国家的支持,去批评大权在握的金日成只会导致无谓牺牲,但有了苏联的支持,就可以制止金的独裁{10}。然而,在俄罗斯著名朝鲜问题专家兰科夫(Andrei Lankov)引用的有关菲拉托夫的三次谈话纪要中,根本没有这些内容{11}。尽管笔者没有看到这些文件的原文,但相信如果文件中提到如此重要的信息,兰科夫一定不会放过。从前面所引彼得罗夫与南日谈话中的表态来看,苏联外交官中即使有人同情反对派,也不可能如此直白地表露出来。徐辉等人这样说,很可能是在“八月全会”斗争失败后为自己采取的鲁莽行动寻找理由,以便给中共中央一个合理的解释。
在反对派积极活动的时候,金日成及其支持者也没有闲着,他们对即将到来的挑战进行了充分准备,并且按部就班地展开了行动。首先,当然是要取得莫斯科的支持。与反对派相比,金日成、南日等人与苏联使馆保持着更加频繁、也更直接的联系。除了外交场合的见面和会谈,应朝方的邀请或要求,彼得罗夫7月24日到外务省会见南日,7月26日与金日成进行会谈,7月28日拜会南日和朴正爱,8月1日与南日进行会谈{12}。尽管这些已通过电报送交莫斯科的“特别会谈记录”目前尚未完全解密,但可以肯定其内容与朝鲜政治有关。很快,苏共中央就有了答复。根据莫斯科的指示,彼得罗夫8月2日约见金日成,并向他通报了莫斯科来电的内容,其主要精神是“在批评朝鲜劳动党中央工作和政府活动的失误的过程中,金日成应当主动地有所表现”{13}。
责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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