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金日成如何走上权力顶峰?

2016-04-14 09:11:59   二十一世纪 沈志华

1956年,苏共第二十次代表大会(苏共二十大)的召开及对斯大林个人崇拜的批判,对金日成在朝鲜的统治产生了负面影响,从而遭到朝鲜劳动党(以下简称劳动党)的抵制。劳动党内部对金不满的干部,受到“非斯大林化”的刺激和鼓励,趁金在当年夏天出访苏联、东欧及蒙古之际纷纷串联,形成反对派,准备通过政治斗争的方式批判金,甚至迫使其下台。就在批金倒金的秘密政治斗争山雨欲来风满楼的时候,金日成于7月19日回国了{1}。本文利用最新解密的俄国档案及中方相关资料,再现1956年8月劳动党内政治斗争的全过程,并提出一些与以往研究者不同的判断和看法。

一反对派积极活动

关于金是何时及如何得知反对派正在策划“阴谋”的,有当事人回忆说,金在国外时就已经从崔庸健或苏联外交官那里得到了消息{2}。而金本人在回忆录里说,是回国后他的副官长李乙雪和外务相南日向他报告的{3}。这里还有一个情况值得注意,在回国途中,金于1956年7月13日离开莫斯科去蒙古,直到19日才返回朝鲜,就是说他在蒙古及回国途中整整耗费了六天{4}。如果这时金已经知道国内有人准备“篡党夺权”,很难想象他还会为几万头牛羊悠闲地与蒙古人谈判。俄国档案披露的情况也证实,金的确是在回国后才发现危机已经迫近,而南日就是向他通风报信并协助折解危机的主要人物之一。

7月20日,金日成会见了朝鲜党和政府的其他领导人,除向他们通报了出访情况外,还专门谈到“波兰事件”。金指出波兰危机的出现,就是因为领导人过于关注个人崇拜问题,而没有注意知识份子的“危险思潮”{5}。金显然是在提醒大家,事实证明,正是“非斯大林化”导致了政治上的不稳定,从而为自己的方针辩护。就在这一天,朝鲜政治不稳定的消息就传出来了。根据南日7月24日向苏联使馆临时代办彼得罗夫(А.М.Петров)通报的情况,7月20日“苏联派”干部朴昌玉来到南日家中,开门见山地告诉他,内阁副首相崔昌益、建设相金承化以及他本人等一批领导干部,打算在即将举行的中央全会上严厉批评金日成的领导方式、个人崇拜等错误。为了争取南日加盟,朴昌玉说,他们会取得多数领导干部的支持,甚至不排除崔庸健也会加入对金日成的批评。南日向苏联人表示,他个人认为这种做法不可取,会“导致不良后果”;在党员和人民中间“丑化金日成”,会引起政治混乱。而金已经认识到自己的错误,并且正在采取措施改正。随后南日表示,至于是否将此事告诉金,令他感到很为难。彼得罗夫表态说,联合批评金这件事值得高度关注,朴昌玉采取的立场明显是不正确的,这样做可能会在国内外引起不良反应。彼得罗夫建议南日应劝说朴昌玉、金承化放弃这种做法。至于是否向金日成通报,彼得罗夫说这是南日自己的事情,但又说如果这样做,最好不要提到具体人名。南日立即表示同意,并自告奋勇将帮助金准备自我批评的发言{6}。由此可知,朴此时已经参与了反对派的活动,并承担了联络苏籍朝鲜干部的任务。另外,毫无疑问,金马上就得知了全部消息。

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