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作为后苏联空间的乌兹别克斯坦

2016-11-13 13:00:48   

早先几年,条子从来不放过敲外国人竹杠的机会,大概因为太有损国家形象,领导下了新指示,这些年他们终于也收敛了一点。不过有时还是能收获意外的惊喜。当我在撒马尔罕沙地经学院(Registon,地位之于乌兹别克斯坦大致相当于长城之于中国)的广场上漫步时,一个小警察羞涩地向我走来,例行公事地敬了个礼,然后紧张地开始咬指甲。“会说俄语吗?会?太好了。”他随手指了指后面兀鲁伯经学院(Ulug‘bek madrasasi)摇摇欲坠的宣礼塔。“想爬上去吗?拍照很棒的。喏,我手里有钥匙。一个人两万,明早开门前我在这里等。如果来晚了,就从后门厕所绕,正门不是我的人。”说完就若无其事地继续巡逻下去了。

从苏联原封不动继承下来的除了经济体制,还有一整套宣传话语体系。宣传部门或许是整个国家工作效率最高的机构了。从1996年起,乌兹别克斯坦政府会为每一年定一个宣传主题,2014年的主题是“健康儿童年”,于是街头巷尾挂满了多子多孙幸福家庭的宣传画。谁知到2015年1月1日早晨,那些昨天还挂着无忧无虑笑容的孩子一夜之间就变成了头戴朵帕(do‘ppi)、胸前挂满勋章的耄耋老人,正慈祥地凝视着来给自己献花的孙辈,才知道自己已经从“健康儿童年”跨入了“关怀老人年”,心中不禁感叹:若是这个国家其他部门的工作效率能赶上宣传部门(和国家安全部门)的十分之一,那么它将会变得多么强大啊。

鼓励生育的各项政策和宣传话语显然直接继承自苏联,又契合了民族传统,然而却没有顾及当下国情。作为一个传统农业国,乌兹别克斯坦的人口几乎与中亚其他四国人口总和相当,但国土面积却并不大,而且其中将近一半是沙漠。捉襟见肘的耕地与水资源已无力承载其三千多万人口,在人口密度最大的费尔干纳盆地,争夺耕地已经导致了诸多民族、地域乃至国际冲突。可以说,在当今的乌兹别克斯坦,最需要的恰恰是合理的人口控制政策,而非一味鼓励生育。同样被不加审视继承下来的是围绕着棉花经济展开的宣传话语。棉花经济一直被视为乌国的骄傲,甚至在国徽上也画着棉花。诚然,棉花是乌国主要出口资源,颜值又高,自然惹人喜爱,然而耗水量极大的棉花种植产业正是导致咸海干涸、中亚环境恶化的罪魁祸首。而且作为劳动密集型产业,棉花采摘时往往急需大量劳动力,强迫大学生乃至未成年童工采棉花的丑闻自然层出不穷,这等于送给某些人权活动人士一个大显身手的机会,世界各地时不时发起一些抵制使用乌兹别克斯坦棉花的运动,严重影响了国家的形象。然而对这些问题,当局似乎并未拿出过什么像样的应对方案,反正从生育政策到棉花经济都是苏联搞出来的,出了问题直接推给它就行了。这多少是后苏联国家的共同作风:把苏联传统修补涂抹一番后悄悄继承下来,坐享其成果的同时也饱受其弊病的困扰,这些苏联遗留下来的问题成了新一代政治家给苏联甩锅的工具,但却没有人真正去尝试解决这些问题。

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