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作为后苏联空间的乌兹别克斯坦

2016-11-13 13:00:48   

不知是因为碍于面子,还是一贯的慢性子使然,苏姆的面额也像官方汇率一样跟不上时代。最大面值五千苏姆并不常见,市面上流通最广的是一千苏姆的纸币。想象一下这个画面:在一个没有信用卡的国家,你想买辆车、买套房,可你却只有五元、一元、五角和两角的纸币,而且主要还都是后面那三种——在乌兹别克斯坦,拎一麻袋钱去买菜并不是什么杜撰的段子。每当白日的浮华与喧嚣退去,寂静深邃的夜降临塔什干,十字路巴扎里早已没了小贩的叫卖声,就连条子也都走下警车开上了黑车,只有外汇贩子扔下的一个个黑色麻袋在微风中飘荡飞舞,仿佛在告诉过往的路人,谁才是这里真正的主人。

当地人早已习惯了这种生活方式,凭着数巨款时那种治大国如烹小鲜的风范,任何一个乌兹别克斯坦人大概都能胜任银行的工作,可惜这个国家却没有太多银行。然而技艺的精湛永无止境。十字路巴扎中段位最高的大师从来都是不数钱的,他们以不数为数——到手一沓钱,只需随便一掂,就能知道到底有几张。

在整个独联体中,乌兹别克斯坦可能是把去苏联化进行得最彻底的国家(这两年或许能被政变后的乌克兰比下去)。有苏联痕迹的街道名和城镇名全都从地图上被抹去。卫国战争烈士纪念碑上的五角星变成了八角星,就连卫国战争都被改叫“苏德战争”。今年年初时,卡里莫夫这位前乌共第一书记更是公开宣布:苏联共青团从未培养出有益的人才,从共青团里走出来的只能是叛徒。

然而吊诡的是,撇开这些表面姿态,乌兹别克斯坦却最完整地继承了苏联体制。计划经济、外汇管制……通过汲取农业(乌兹别克斯坦农民往往愿意铤而走险,把农产品走私到哈萨克斯坦乃至俄罗斯去卖),当局将尽可能多的资本投入工业领域,尽全力维持一个自给自足的完整工业体系。尽管这样的体系今后在外资冲击下仍将不堪一击,尽管经济状况远不如哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦这两个资源多、人口少的大户邻居,但比起塔吉克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦这样被内战和颜色革命蹂躏过、经济被外资大量控制的赤贫小弟,经济独立自主、贫富差距较小的乌兹别克斯坦就仿佛中亚细亚沙漠和草原上的一个小苏联,仍有自己值得骄傲的立足资本。

然而生存却依然不是件容易的事。即使在首都塔什干,普通人的月收入也只有一两百美元,可物价却不比中国城市差太多。能去俄罗斯打工的都跑路了(尽管当局对这一点十分敏感,并在逐年加强管控),留在国内的人也不愿放过任何一个机会:走在通往硬座车的路上,会被软座车的列车员拦下来,软磨硬泡让你加钱(给他)坐软座;各种旅游景点内,无论经学院、商栈还是麻扎,全都开满纪念品商店;景点门票可以打折,前提是不给票;布哈拉埃米尔宫里甚至养了一群绵羊当副业;最夸张的是在撒马尔罕某著名博物馆,只要有外国人前来参观,整个博物馆从售票员、看管员到清洁工全都倾巢而出,一路跟着推销明信片、画册、丝巾……如果你最终不为所动,一位大妈就会心一笑,露出满口金牙,祭出她最后的杀手锏:“要不来和我们换点外汇吧!”

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