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有费尔干纳盆地这么个不消停的地方,又和阿富汗接壤,乌兹别克斯坦早先没少吃恐怖袭击的苦头,至今仍承受着巨大的安全压力,因此应对措施堪称铁腕。举国上下街头巷尾到处都是警察,在塔什干坐一次地铁,从入口走到闸机要被拦下两三次:查护照、搜身、搜包,一样不能少。地铁里贴满了俄乌双语的政治标语:“警惕是时代的需求”,“警惕是安全的保障”。时值新年前夕,警员更是全体出动,许多地铁站里警察甚至比乘客还多,让人不得不信服中亚五国中乌兹别克斯坦在人口上占绝对优势。后来听说警察在乌国是一个相当吃香的工作,不仅工资比其他工作高些,而且做一休二,工作时有灰色收入进账,休息时开黑车又能补贴不少家用——在后苏联空间,街上跑的每一辆车都是潜在的出租车。
当局当然知道,面对极端主义的威胁,不仅需要堵,还需要疏,只不过这些疏的措施也都相当简单粗暴:禁止留大胡子、禁止穿罩袍、禁止大学生进清真寺、禁止未成年人进清真寺,违者家长连坐……乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦这些一刀切的政策总能招致反对派媒体不断的冷嘲热讽,但也确实不乏成效。不过相比起邻国,乌国政府还有更狠的一招:上世纪九十年代末的一次严重恐袭后,当局下令禁止清真寺每日五次叫拜广播,甚至由卡里莫夫亲自倡导设计的塔什干圣伊玛目主麻寺(Hazrati Imom jome masjidi)都未能幸免,两根五十三米高的宣礼塔只能寂寥地杵在广场上。所以,行走在乌兹别克斯坦,那种祷告时间一到,全城几十上百个高音喇叭一齐怒吼的景象是体验不到的,能看到的只是人们自发成群结队默默走向清真寺,而寺门口则是一队警察紧紧盯着人群的一举一动。
一走到塔什干著名的十字路巴扎(Chorsu bozor),就被无数外汇贩子围了起来,“美元”、“欧元”、“卢布”之声不绝于耳,才确信自己来到了乌兹别克斯坦的金融中心。“十字路巴扎价”是乌兹别克苏姆(so'm)最权威的黑市价。初次光临巴扎时,我还畏首畏尾,不敢触碰传说中的黑市,后来看到连警察都在排队换钱,在这种警民鱼水一家亲的和谐氛围感染下,我自然也变得肆无忌惮起来。有一次从撒马尔罕回塔什干,在守卫森严、闲人免入的塔什干火车站里竟也看到一个钱贩子在高声叫卖外汇。换好钱后我问他:你就不怕身边这么多条子(ment,在整个后苏联空间通用的对警察的“爱称”)吗?他轻蔑地笑了一下,很快就消失在塔什干的夜雾中。
苏姆的双轨制由来已久,近年来双轨间的距离似乎有愈发拉大的趋势。第一天去十字路巴扎时,一美元在黑市可以兑换三千三百五十苏姆,而在银行则只能换两千四百苏姆,十天后离开时,美元的黑市价涨到三千五百苏姆,而官方价仍岿然不动,一年半后的今天,黑市汇率已冲到一比六千三百五十,而官方价才刚不紧不慢地爬到三千。通货膨胀的另一面是极其严苛的外汇管制措施,虽然当局已对游客黑市买汇眼开眼闭,但有时也会突然调皮一下,让人措手不及。出关时,我像所有人一样被请进小黑屋,一丝不苟的海关工作人员竟要求我当场背诵入境时申报的各种外汇数额,精确到个位,幸而我填出关单时复习了一遍入关单,才得以全身而退。但商人就没有旅游者那么幸运了,去黑市换钱风险太大,而在官方汇率中一进一出,赚到的钱就几乎悉数蒸发,这也是为什么鲜有外国人愿意去乌兹别克斯坦投资。
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