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上海出版业“黄金时代”因二战终结

2016-07-08 12:13:40   

战事影响

出版业遭受巨大冲击

东方早报:随着战事展开,上海的出版业和图书市场发生了怎样的变化?

周武:战前上海的繁荣和上海出版业的“黄金时代”是在两次世界大战之间相对和平的环境中创造的。

但“八一三”事变后,情况就不同了。当年上海大多数编辑印刷机关均设在华界闸北、宝山、杨树浦一带,来不及迁往内地或转移租界的,多毁于战火,损失惨重。没有毁于战火的工厂、仓库等建筑,以及机械、器具等物品,华界沦陷之后,不是被日军视为敌产予以军管或查封,就是被他们以各种名义强行占用或征用,如曾经是“中国三大工厂之一”的上海大连湾路的世界书局印刷厂即被日本商社华中印会社侵占使用。商务、中华等五大书局被宪兵队以“有害读物”为名扣押的图书总数多达1918万余册。

对上海出版业而言,更致命的冲击来自两个方面:一、随着东北、华北及东南各省的相继沦陷,由于侵华日军和敌伪势力的封锁和统制,上海先前构建的通达全国各地乃至东南亚的图书发行网络(包括邮购网络)和全国性的图书市场不复存在;二、战前上海出版业的繁荣是靠来自全国各地的文化精英支撑起来的,战后聚集在上海的文化人纷纷撤离,转往内地。他们的撤离,使上海出版业失去了支撑力量,“停滞”乃成必然。

孤岛出版勉力经营

“共产”读物快速递增

东方早报:在日军侵入上海公共租界之前的孤岛时期,出版界为减少战时损失采取过哪些措施?

周武:跟“一·二八”事变有所不同,“八一三”事变是预料之中的事,因此,上海出版业对于战祸多少有所防备,大批书局迁往内地,最后迁到陪都重庆。如商务印书馆总管理处先迁长沙,再迁重庆。其他如中华书局、大东书局、开明书局、上海龙门联合书局、上海杂志公司、上海印刷有限公司、教育书店等书局总部也都先迁武汉或桂林等地,然后再迁到重庆,桂林、武汉、重庆因此而一度成为战时中国的出版中心。

孤岛时期的上海出版业在巨大的压力下仍维持一定的出版能力,如生活上海分店在孤岛出版的书籍,有据可查的即有156种;世界书局则自1939年起恢复战前大规模出版新书的传统,据朱联保记述,该局1939年、1940年、1941年出版新书分别为105种、111种、100种。但无论是出版物的品种、规模,还是图书市场,都已远远无法跟战前的盛况相比,随着时间的推移,出版业越来越举步维艰。

东方早报:战时上海的出版物主要有哪些种类?抗战读物是否成为重要的出版对象?

周武: 抗战初期出版的这些读物有两种倾向:一是以通俗小册子为主,二是聚焦某一具体事件,如八百壮士坚守四行仓库,当时推出的相关新闻记事体小册子、诗歌戏剧等单行本就有十几种。华界沦陷后,尽管孤岛的出版发行随时有可能受到工部局的警告和日伪势力的追杀,但抗战读物的出版仍很活跃,书局、书店往往采取多种多样的形式,如挂洋旗或书刊出版地址造假等,与日伪势力周旋,并通过秘密渠道将抗战读物输送到敌后抗日根据地,或通过香港转运到内地。这类出版活动即使到了孤岛沦陷后也未完全停止,只不过采取的方式更隐蔽罢了。正因为如此,上海被视为中国抗战文化的中心,用日本人的说法就是,孤岛是敌后抗战的总司令部,日伪势力急欲除之而后快。

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