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1948年5月,蒋介石再度更换币制改革人选,翁文灏任行政院院长,王云五任财政部长,俞鸿钧任中央银行总裁。6月 5日,蒋介石认为:“通货膨胀已至第三期最危险之程度,仅恃外援与现金实无挽救之道,对于实物与土地货币乃应切实准备,以应急需也。”6月24日,蒋介石提出:“如以已有现款与美元物资为基金,而将原有通货存储收兑,发行新币,何如。”6月29日,蒋介石即对俞鸿钧指示对币制改革与平抑物价之要旨与方法。并召见翁文灏和王云五商议改革币制及平定物价之根本办法。由此可见,蒋介石对币制改革的思路此时已基本确定。7月1日,蒋又召见翁、王、俞协商币制与平价方针及办法。他自己也认为“对于改革币制与管制物价已有大体之办法,惟在实行与准备如何耳”。
但是对于这样的币制改革计划,俞鸿钧不赞成。于是蒋介石专门约谈俞鸿钧,对他展开说服工作。据其日记记载:7月14日“下午研究经济政策与财政问题,与俞鸿钧讨论发行新币问题,彼已不坚持反对主张,惟能延迟时间则尽量延迟,以待九、十月间之发行,则先得我心也”。做通了俞鸿钧的工作,蒋介石即开始紧锣密鼓地推动金圆券出台的各项工作。7月28日下午,“审阅改革币制具体办法,并指示蒋经国商谈经济管制之组织与人事”。7月29日,“俞鸿钧来见,面商改革币制方案,晚课后翁、王、俞等来商币制问题”。8月8日晚,“约翁文灏谈经济币制事,决定改革币制与管制经济日期,注重于辅币之兑现以增加新币之信用,或可延长新币之命运也,以现有各种硬辅币,其价值五千万元以上,而日本收回之铜质尚不在内也”。8月19日,“到政治会议提出改革币制与管制经济之临时命令,讨论至六时,乃作最后决定,修正几点通过,此为三年来一贯之政策与惟一之主张,因子文、岳军、公权、鸿钧等皆畏缩不决,未敢执行,而今日终以事急事迫不得不由此一举,詠霓[翁文灏]与云五能毅然实施,亦可谓奋勇难得矣”。
8月19日的日记点明了金圆券改革的主使者即是蒋介石,频繁的人事变动,只在于这些人是否肯迎合、推行他的想法。金圆券改革的最终推行,除了蒋介石最终控制财政大权和人事调整,还有对立法程序的变更。1947年12月,在制订1948年的年度总预算收支时,由于收支相差70%以上,蒋介石即临时提出改变立法程序,授权于行政院对整顿岁收有权宜处理等六项原则。蒋介石认为“此实为对财政与政治之处理最重大之方案也”。并认为“此为补救财政惟一之道”。1948年5月,南京国民政府“行宪国大”后,蒋介石就任总统,通过所谓的《动员戡乱时期临时条款》,赋予总统紧急处分的特权,可不经立法院批准,直接由总统以命令颁布。这就是金圆券改革以“财政经济紧急处分令”颁布的原因。
先天条件不足,两个月就告夭亡
综观金圆券改革决策的内幕,可见其逐步偏离经济问题的考虑,而更倾向于服务政治的目的,这正是蒋介石本人对于币制改革的主张,尽管当时的主事者提出许多合理性的建议,甚至是严重的警告,都未能阻止或改变他的想法。金圆券改革前所提出的诸多币制改革方案都有相应的前提条件和配套措施,包括王云五拟定的改革方案中也是如此,但这一切都不在蒋介石的关注范围之内,他只关心借此达到政治目的和对金银的掠夺。
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