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金圆券改革决策内幕:偏离经济沦为政治强权工具

2016-07-09 00:32:06   文汇报

1945年7月24日,孔祥熙被解除中央银行总裁职务,蒋介石的意见是由其心腹俞鸿钧补缺。他在与宋子文沟通时,“明告其中央银行总裁人选,非绝对服从余命令而为余所能信任者不可。”但宋子文坚持让贝祖诒担任中央银行总裁,否则他不能承担行政责任。蒋宋的斗争结果是以蒋介石的妥协告终,贝祖诒任中央银行总裁,俞鸿钧任财政部长并受宋指挥。

1946年宋子文黄金政策失败以后,蒋介石便决心借机摆脱宋子文对他的羁绊。1947年2月8日,蒋介石在日记中写道:“上海黄金每两涨价至五万余,美钞涨至一万一千余元,经济崩溃已临头矣,子文害国之罪不可再恕。”蒋介石逼宋子文主动辞职,裁撤了贝祖诒。3月1日,蒋日记中有如下记载:“子文辞职行政院长,由余暂兼,实为政治转机之锁钥也。”至此,蒋介石完全控制了财政大权,为币制改革人员的调整和改革的推进铺平了道路。

几度走马换将,改革计划仍难推行

1947年3月,张群继任行政院长,俞鸿钧连任财政部长,张嘉璈为中央银行总裁。蒋介石在对张嘉璈的职务尚未正式发表之时,已提出“改革币制之从速实施”的设想。3月22日,蒋介石批准发行美元公债4.8亿元,他认为接下来的步骤便是“着手改革币制”。此后,他不断推动币制改革,6月份的日记中屡屡提及“发行新币之研究”、“改革币制之计划”、“约公权研究发行新币与禁用外币令”、“改革内政与币制”、“经济与币制改革新方案之督导”、“经济与币制之措施”、“与公权谈币制改革问题”、“改革币制之方案”、“发行新币制”、“币制改革方案之督导”等,几乎无日不谈币制改革。可见币制改革已成为他关注的首要问题。1947年7月2日,蒋介石与张嘉璈研究改革币制方案,讨论利害得失,决定购银制币兑现办法,以恢复币信。他要求张嘉璈“速发行银币,俾得暂维纸币信用,切勿再望美国借款后方整币制,贻误国事。”

但是张嘉璈对币制改革的态度远没有蒋介石所期待的那样。张嘉璈认为要抑制通货膨胀,必须减少中央银行的垫款,这是美元公债库券计划成功与否的关键,也是他担任央行职务之成败所系、实亦政府基础能否稳固之所系。但蒋介石否定了张嘉璈的提议。张嘉璈为此慨叹:“我之发行公债库券计划,将全盘失败,等于一场空梦。诚恐国家恶运,注在今日矣。”并且认为“我之计划既难实行,理应挂冠以去。”张嘉璈认为购银制币兑现的办法,实施的前提条件是至少举借价值5亿美元的生银贷款。与此同时中央银行的政府垫款,必须有限制,与财政部尤须划分界线。若中央银行长此为财政部附庸,予取予求,无论用金用银,均无办法,不久币制仍将崩溃。1948年3月12日,蒋介石以经济险恶,物价飞涨,又召张嘉璈商量改革币制,准将招商局、中纺公司等国有财产归中央银行,抵借为发行新币基金之用。1948年4月7日,与张嘉璈谈稳定币价与改革币制的次第程序,拟利用美援物资之收入平衡外汇与收支,先稳定物价而后改革币制。张嘉璈所提出的减少中央银行国库垫款的条件当然不可能实现。非但如此,中央银行国库垫款日增不已,以致发行日巨,物价日涨,外汇存底日益减低,这些根本问题不解决,仅依赖于种种治标之策,等于杯水车薪。因此,银币兑现的方案也没有实施,张群内阁亦未达成蒋介石所期望的币制改革计划。

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