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金圆券改革决策内幕:偏离经济沦为政治强权工具

2016-07-09 00:32:06   文汇报

三、上项比价规定一个月后,应将新币汇率加以复核,必要时酌予修正,随即将汇率通知国际货币基金。

四、新货币之本位用金,但不另铸金币,以外汇表示其价值,辅币分二十分,十分,五分,一分四种,以银、镍、铜分铸之。

五、新币发行权应为中央银行所独占,其准备分(1)金银及其他国际货币基金会员国之货币或存款。(2)优良之短期商业票据及货物栈单。(3)公债与国库券。上项准备最低不得少于发行总额百分之三十五,最高不得超过百分之五十,如有不足或超过情形,中央银行应即运用公开市场政策及利率政策从事调整。

六、纸币发行采弹性制,中央银行得视社会经济发展及准备金情形随时调整发行额,但为防止发行权之滥用起见,应设置一发行管理委员会,中央银行于每次调整发行额之前,应先提请该委员会审查通过,政府对于发行与准备事宜,应绝对公开。

七、设立外汇平准基金,确保新币对外价值之稳定,对于一切正当外汇需要,尽量供应,但对于资金逃避现象则仍应与国际货币基金切取联系,严予取缔。

八、关于外汇平准基金之运用,应于中央银行设立汇兑局处理之。

九、新币发行后政府一切收付民间一切交易及契约之订立应统以新币为限。

俞鸿钧认为整理币制能否成功,要看下列三项条件是否具备:(1) 国内外运输畅通,贸易恢复,物资方面得到接济,后方与收复区物价获得相当而接近之水准。(2)财政状况改善,不再以发行为挹注,俾货币对内价值得以稳定。(3)国际收支能维持平衡,保持外汇基金不能耗竭,以稳定货币对外价值。显然,在当时这三项条件都未达到,但蒋介石却认为币制改革可以推行。10月30日,蒋介石就对俞鸿钧呈交的 《新币纲要》 做出批示:“办法可予照准”,并认为新货币发行时似可即铸少数金币。财政部认为币制改革条件不成熟,发行金币似应从缓。时任行政院长宋子文和中央银行总裁贝祖诒,也对改革币制顾虑重重。因此,改革币制的日程就被推迟下去。

蒋介石显然对此极为不满,并借机剥夺了长期为宋子文所把持的财政大权。蒋介石对于宋子文长期把持财政权、无视他的意见早就不满,此种矛盾在蒋日记中多有记载。1927年1月5日:“上午与子文谈话,向余辞职,军事频受其影响,苦痛已极,二年以来受其财政压迫,非言可喻,与樵峯商议财政办法。”1933年1月13日:“与子文谈财政之策,苦劝其注重地方经济,使其发展而改变向来剥削政策,彼冥顽如故,仍无法救药,革命因彼之故,必遭失败也。”1942年1月15日:“子文私心与野心不能改变,徒图私利,而置国家于不顾,奈何。”1943年10月18日:“召子文来商,……及其最后言至不可与余共事之句,余乃愤怒难禁,严厉斥责,令其即速滚蛋,大声斥逐。此人实不可复教,余自十三年起受其财权之管制与妨碍,甚至其愿受鲍尔廷之驱策共同打击于余,不知凡几。二十年复以其财政问题各种要挟,以致不能不拘胡而致党国遭受空前之祸患。今复始以其个人私见而欲党国外交政策以为其个人作牺牲,恶乎可,此诚一恶劣小人,不能变化其气质也。”1945年7月21日:“子文自俄回来,其不愿负责签约,是否有意为难,故不能断定,但其重身轻国之行动昭然若揭,对于独占财政经济之心思更不可自制矣,此实为我一生最痛苦之一事,如何使之彻悟悔改,以期其成也。”由此可见,蒋介石对宋子文是积怨已久。

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