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金圆券改革决策内幕:偏离经济沦为政治强权工具

2016-07-09 00:32:06   文汇报

金圆券发行后迅速贬值,国民政府发行大面额金圆券。面额为50万元的金圆券(中华书局版)。

1948年9月13日上海《新民报》晚刊第四版一篇标题为《蒋经国走出了办公厅》的文章,写小蒋初到上海“打虎”招待记者浦江游船事。谁知一个多月后因为孔家扬子公司案失败,蒋经国黯然离沪。上海物价随即疯涨,币制改革宣告失败。

原标题:金圆券改革决策内幕考

近年热播的电视剧 《北平无战事》,剧情涉及1948年国民党当局发行“金圆券”导致物价飞涨的那段历史。尽管电视剧有创作的成分,故事情节有虚构的内容,但真实的历史却与电视剧一样精彩。

1948年8月19日,蒋介石以“总统命令”的形式颁布金圆券改革令。未及两月,金圆券改革即造成了史无前例的恶性通货膨胀,以失败告终。从改革伊始到后来的研究,金圆券改革受到各方的质疑和批评,认为是在完全不具备改革条件下的“荒唐”之举。那么,金圆券改革如何从经济规则的考量演变为政治利益强制的过程,就值得深入探讨。本文利用保存于中美两国的档案资料与亲历者资料,对决策内幕进行钩沉,逐步廓清金圆券政策出台的历史过程。

币制改革决策的核心机构是行政院、财政部、中央银行,政策的成败自然与这些部门的主事者密不可分。金圆券改革前的短短时间内,上述核心机构的主事者曾进行过三次大换班。抗战结束前后,宋子文任行政院长、俞鸿钧任财政部长、贝祖诒任中央银行总裁。但是宋子文内阁因抛售黄金政策的失败而倒台,1947年2月,宋子文被迫辞职,贝祖诒也被撤职。张群继任行政院长后,俞鸿钧仍连任财政部长,张嘉璈为中央银行总裁。张群内阁曾采取抛售敌伪产业和发行美元短期公债库券的办法,以图回笼法币。但所有这些做法并没有遏制住通货膨胀的速度,物价涨潮接踵而来,张群内阁也被迫下台。1948年5月,国民政府“行宪国大”后,蒋介石就职总统,改任翁文灏为行政院长,王云五为财政部长,俞鸿钧为中央银行总裁。金圆券改革也就在翁文灏内阁任内“轰轰烈烈”地推行了。

掌控财权大权,蒋介石谋币制改革

蒋介石对于改革币制的想法由来已久,抗战胜利后,蒋介石即积极推动币制改革。1945年9月13日,时任财政部长俞鸿钧奉蒋介石手令:“今后改革币制发行新币之方案及其实施之时期,希即密为研究议拟,从速呈报为要。”10月18日,俞鸿钧即呈报了 《改革币制之准备工作及新币纲要》,内容如下:

一、发行新币定名曰元,其对外汇率,订为每五元合美金一元,此项汇率,较战前法币价值略低,当可有助于我国对外贸易之发展。

二、新币与法币间应根据当时物价及汇价情形,规定比价,然后依照比价,将法币陆续收回。

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