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明清紫禁城内如何度寒冬? 紫禁城重要宫殿有“地暖”

2016-12-12 16:02:46   

木炭则来自涿州、通州、宛平、大兴等近郊地区,用硬实木材烧成的炭被称为“红罗炭”,这些炭要按标准规格锯成一节节的,然后送至宫里。如今西安门外红罗厂大街就是当年存贮木炭的地方。乾隆年间曾钦定过薪炭的供应标准:皇太后为120斤,皇后为110斤,皇贵妃为90斤,皇妃为75斤……依级别大小供应薪炭。供薪炭的日期也有规定:即在每年的农历十一月初一时开始发放,在次年春暖花开时节停止发放,与如今我们每年的供暖时间类似。

明清两代时宫廷专门设有负责宫内取暖事宜的机构。如清朝内务府设有惜薪司,它便是专管薪炭的机构,每逢冬日取暖事宜分工更细,司下还设有柴炭处、烧炕处、热火处等机构,机构下有太监专管点火烧炕。

清代时紫禁城的造办处还曾在地安门外设有帘子库,它是专门制作皇宫冬天或夏日使用各种帘子的机构。帘子也称“堂帘”,冬天挂的帘子有皮帘、棉帘、毛毡帘等。帘子也是按官衔等级来悬挂:紫禁城皇帝、皇后以及妃子等寝宫内,为避冬寒均以裘帘锦幕,或以皮棉帷幕深垂。而太监宫女们的居屋则是使用蒲草制成的草帘子。

除了帘幕,帝后以及嫔妃们的卧具则是很厚的“库缎”(库缎,又名“花缎”,原是清代御用“贡品”,因织成后送入内务府的“缎匹库”而得名)、“栽绒”(丝绒织品之一)等,有时皇帝的床上还铺着几层大红毯与明黄毯。

当然,如果这些还不足以御寒,皇帝、皇后和妃子们还常使用汤婆子(用铜制成灌入热水温暖被窝的器皿)取暖。另外还有铜制的暖手炉,暖脚炉和手提炉,这些设备制作精致、考究。

乾隆去世后,一近臣描述了乾隆皇帝生前取暖时的一件轶事。乾隆皇帝“冬一夜暖足,用大鹅子石爆火中极热,以旧絮裹之,置诸被中,终夜温暖异常,俗间所用汤婆子, 不免有水气也。”

乾隆生前曾在《冬夜偶成》中记述过紫禁城里冬季的供暖情况及亲身感受,其诗曰:“人苦冬日短,我爱冬夜长。皓月悬长空,朔风飘碎霜。垂帘在氍毹,红烛明涂堂。博山炷水沉,和以梅蕊香。敲诗不觉冷,漏水夜未央。”

补 白

明清是第四个

寒冷期

在中国五千年气象史上,曾出现过四个寒冷期,明清时期为第四个寒冷期。

公元前1100年到公元前850年,是第一个寒冷期,此次寒冷期,很少有相关的记载。

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