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明清紫禁城内如何度寒冬? 紫禁城重要宫殿有“地暖”

2016-12-12 16:02:46   

晚明太监刘若愚著《酌中志》中记载:“乾清宫大殿……右向东曰懋勤殿,先帝创造地炕于此,恒临御之。”由此可见,明代紫禁城中就已建造有此设施。

这些宫殿地下火道的入口一般都设在房屋的北边,进气口平日都用很厚的木板盖住,还另设有排烟口,不仅可以排烟,还可通风供氧。如今,到故宫游览,细心的游客还能在一些宫殿建筑台基上见到地炕口。地下火道与北方地区民间所用的灶台取暖有异曲同工之妙,只不过皇宫里的设计比民间的火炕先进很多。

不过,这种取暖方式比较费事,要打通宫殿地下部分,所以紫禁城里并不是所有的宫殿都采用这种取暖方式。

乾清宫炭火盆引发大火

在没有地下火道的宫殿,均备有炭火盆。从现仍存于故宫的炭火盆文物可知,那时的炭火盆样式非常多,太和殿的两个炭盆均是用造价高昂的景泰蓝烧制而成,为防火星外溅,火盆外还加盖有不同金属的网盖,既实用又美观。

有趣的是,入冬后,后妃们还会在入九的第一天,在点有炭火盆的居所,欢聚在一起吃火锅取暖。

因为紫禁城里的建筑大多为木结构,炭火盆在取暖的同时,也让紫禁城内的宫殿变成了一个巨大的易燃体。清朝嘉庆年间,围绕这些火盆,发生了诸多故事。

嘉庆二年(1797年),乾隆皇帝已是“太上皇”。一个冬夜,乾清宫突然冒起大火,侍卫和太监们开始大力扑救,但此时正值寒冬,天干物燥,火势迅速蔓延到了北边的交泰殿,在眼看火舌就要到坤宁宫屋檐的时候,风突然转向,坤宁宫这才免去了一劫。事后经过查证,此次大火是因为太监在看守火盆时,没有将火盆内的炭火盖严,使得火星复燃引起了一场大火。

这场大火,使乾隆皇帝苦心收集了五十多年的“天禄琳琅”尽数损毁。后来,嘉庆很快将乾清宫及交泰殿重新修缮完备,另外又重新征集各种版本图书,补齐了“天禄琳琅”图书。

此后,嘉庆对炭火盆格外注意。他甚至还下令只许在太和殿的平地上安放两个火盆,而其他如中和殿、保和殿的火盆用完后一律撤除。

皇太后每年发炭120斤

皇宫取暖,不得不提取暖的材料:煤和木炭。皇宫的用煤多是来自宁夏的太西煤,它因出自太西镇而得名。太西煤乌黑发亮,触之不染,燃之无烟无味,且有极高的发热量。故宁夏的煤曾被称为“御煤”。

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